Axiomatizing software test data adequacy
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
The evaluation of program-based software test data adequacy criteria
Communications of the ACM
Comparing test data adequacy criteria
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
Software testing techniques (2nd ed.)
Software testing techniques (2nd ed.)
A Theory of Fault-Based Testing
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Comparison of program testing strategies
TAV4 Proceedings of the symposium on Testing, analysis, and verification
Analysis and Refinement of Software Test Data Adequacy Properties
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
PIE: A Dynamic Failure-Based Technique
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Software testing based on formal specifications: a theory and a tool
Software Engineering Journal
Specification-based test oracles for reactive systems
ICSE '92 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering
Test data adequacy measurement
Software Engineering Journal
Foundations of software testing: dependability theory
SIGSOFT '94 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSOFT symposium on Foundations of software engineering
Effect of test set minimization on fault detection effectiveness
Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Software engineering
Experiments of the effectiveness of dataflow- and controlflow-based test adequacy criteria
ICSE '94 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Software engineering
Software unit test coverage and adequacy
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Using model checking to generate tests from requirements specifications
ESEC/FSE-7 Proceedings of the 7th European software engineering conference held jointly with the 7th ACM SIGSOFT international symposium on Foundations of software engineering
Comparing test sets and criteria in the presence of test hypotheses and fault domains
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
Critical Analysis of the PIE Testability Technique
Software Quality Control
A Formal Analysis of the Fault-Detecting Ability of Testing Methods
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Clarifying Some Fundamental Concepts in Software Testing
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
TAPSOFT '95 Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference CAAP/FASE on Theory and Practice of Software Development
Testing Against Formal Specifications: A Theoretical View
TAPSOFT '91 Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development, Volume 2: Advances in Distributed Computing (ADC) and Colloquium on Combining Paradigms for Software Developmemnt (CCPSD)
Test data as an aid in proving program correctness
POPL '76 Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGACT-SIGPLAN symposium on Principles on programming languages
An Empirical Study of the Effects of Minimization on the Fault Detection Capabilities of Test Suites
ICSM '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance
A Theory of Behaviour Observation in Software Testing
A Theory of Behaviour Observation in Software Testing
Basic Concepts and Taxonomy of Dependable and Secure Computing
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
Assessing and Improving State-Based Class Testing: A Series of Experiments
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Software Testing Research: Achievements, Challenges, Dreams
FOSE '07 2007 Future of Software Engineering
A Critical Analysis of Empirical Research in Software Testing
ESEM '07 Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
Reliability of the Path Analysis Testing Strategy
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Weak Mutation Testing and Completeness of Test Sets
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Theories of Program Testing and the Application of Revealing Subdomains
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A Mathematical Framework for the Investigation of Testing
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
The effect of program and model structure on mc/dc test adequacy coverage
Proceedings of the 30th international conference on Software engineering
Better testing through oracle selection (NIER track)
Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering
Better testing through oracle selection (NIER track)
Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering
Understanding user understanding: determining correctness of generated program invariants
Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis
Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering
FASE'13 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering
The search for the laws of automatic random testing
Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
SimRacer: an automated framework to support testing for process-level races
Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis
An observable and controllable testing framework for modern systems
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering
A novel requirement analysis approach for periodic control systems
Frontiers of Computer Science: Selected Publications from Chinese Universities
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In previous decades, researchers have explored the formal foundations of program testing. By exploring the foundations of testing largely separate from any specific method of testing, these researchers provided a general discussion of the testing process, including the goals, the underlying problems, and the limitations of testing. Unfortunately, a common, rigorous foundation has not been widely adopted in empirical software testing research, making it difficult to generalize and compare empirical research. We continue this foundational work, providing a framework intended to serve as a guide for future discussions and empirical studies concerning software testing. Specifically, we extend Gourlay's functional description of testing with the notion of a test oracle, an aspect of testing largely overlooked in previous foundational work and only lightly explored in general. We argue additional work exploring the interrelationship between programs, tests, and oracles should be performed, and use our extension to clarify concepts presented in previous work, present new concepts related to test oracles, and demonstrate that oracle selection must be considered when discussing the efficacy of a testing process.