A clustering algorithm using an evolutionary programming-based approach
Pattern Recognition Letters
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Genetic algorithm with deterministic crossover for vector quantization
Pattern Recognition Letters
A comparison of cluster validity criteria for a mixture of normal distributed data
Pattern Recognition Letters
An experimental comparison of model-based clustering methods
Machine Learning
AANN: an alternative to GMM for pattern recognition
Neural Networks
Fuzzy C-Means Clustering-Based Speaker Verification
AFSS '02 Proceedings of the 2002 AFSS International Conference on Fuzzy Systems. Calcutta: Advances in Soft Computing
Vector Quantization Based Gaussian Modeling for Speaker Verification
ICPR '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 3
Speaker adaptation based on MAP estimation using fuzzy controller
Pattern Recognition Letters
Iterative shrinking method for clustering problems
Pattern Recognition
Accuracy of MFCC-based speaker recognition in series 60 device
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
A tutorial on text-independent speaker verification
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
α-Gaussian mixture modelling for speaker recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
An overview of text-independent speaker recognition: From features to supervectors
Speech Communication
Data clustering: 50 years beyond K-means
Pattern Recognition Letters
Vector Quantization Mappings for Speaker Verification
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Comparison of the impact of some Minkowski metrics on VQ/GMM based speaker recognition
Computers and Electrical Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Study of Interspeaker Variability in Speaker Verification
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Real-time speaker identification and verification
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Some new indexes of cluster validity
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
The complexity of the generalized Lloyd - Max problem (Corresp.)
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Fast and memory efficient implementation of the exact PNN
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A fast exact GLA based on code vector activity detection
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A Study on Universal Background Model Training in Speaker Verification
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Relative entropy fuzzy c-means clustering
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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Clustering is needed in various applications such as biometric person authentication, speech coding and recognition, image compression and information retrieval. Hundreds of clustering methods have been proposed for the task in various fields but, surprisingly, there are few extensive studies actually comparing them. An important question is how much the choice of a clustering method matters for the final pattern recognition application. Our goal is to provide a thorough experimental comparison of clustering methods for text-independent speaker verification. We consider parametric Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and non-parametric vector quantization (VQ) model using the best known clustering algorithms including iterative (K-means, random swap, expectation-maximization), hierarchical (pairwise nearest neighbor, split, split-and-merge), evolutionary (genetic algorithm), neural (self-organizing map) and fuzzy (fuzzy C-means) approaches. We study recognition accuracy, processing time, clustering validity, and correlation of clustering quality and recognition accuracy. Experiments from these complementary observations indicate clustering is not a critical task in speaker recognition and the choice of the algorithm should be based on computational complexity and simplicity of the implementation. This is mainly because of three reasons: the data is not clustered, large models are used and only the best algorithms are considered. For low-order models, choice of the algorithm, however, can have a significant effect.