Dynamic queue length thresholds for shared-memory packet switches
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Xen and the art of virtualization
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Diagnosing performance overheads in the xen virtual machine environment
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/USENIX international conference on Virtual execution environments
TCP offload is a dumb idea whose time has come
HOTOS'03 Proceedings of the 9th conference on Hot Topics in Operating Systems - Volume 9
MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters
OSDI'04 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Symposium on Opearting Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 6
Xen and co.: communication-aware CPU scheduling for consolidated xen-based hosting platforms
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Virtual execution environments
Optimizing network virtualization in Xen
ATEC '06 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX '06 Annual Technical Conference
Scheduling I/O in virtual machine monitors
Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Inter-domain socket communications supporting high performance and full binary compatibility on Xen
Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Virtual machine aware communication libraries for high performance computing
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
XenLoop: a transparent high performance inter-vm network loopback
HPDC '08 Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on High performance distributed computing
CUBIC: a new TCP-friendly high-speed TCP variant
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - Research and developments in the Linux kernel
Optimizing TCP receive performance
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Enforcing performance isolation across virtual machines in Xen
Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 2006 International Conference on Middleware
XenSocket: a high-throughput interdomain transport for virtual machines
Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 2007 International Conference on Middleware
The Eucalyptus Open-Source Cloud-Computing System
CCGRID '09 Proceedings of the 2009 9th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid
Safe and effective fine-grained TCP retransmissions for datacenter communication
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 conference on Data communication
Understanding data center traffic characteristics
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Research on enterprise networking
The nature of data center traffic: measurements & analysis
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
IISWC '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC)
Differential virtual time (DVT): rethinking I/O service differentiation for virtual machines
Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2010 conference
Difference engine: harnessing memory redundancy in virtual machines
OSDI'08 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
Satori: enlightened page sharing
USENIX'09 Proceedings of the 2009 conference on USENIX Annual technical conference
Fido: fast inter-virtual-machine communication for enterprise appliances
USENIX'09 Proceedings of the 2009 conference on USENIX Annual technical conference
IsoStack: highly efficient network processing on dedicated cores
USENIXATC'10 Proceedings of the 2010 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
On disk I/O scheduling in virtual machines
WIOV'10 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on I/O virtualization
vSnoop: Improving TCP Throughput in Virtualized Environments via Acknowledgement Offload
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
mClock: handling throughput variability for hypervisor IO scheduling
OSDI'10 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
Black-box and gray-box strategies for virtual machine migration
NSDI'07 Proceedings of the 4th USENIX conference on Networked systems design & implementation
TCP Vegas: end to end congestion avoidance on a global Internet
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Communications of the ACM
The TCP outcast problem: exposing unfairness in data center networks
NSDI'12 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation
Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on Virtualization Technologies in Distributed Computing Date
vSlicer: latency-aware virtual machine scheduling via differentiated-frequency CPU slicing
Proceedings of the 21st international symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing
Detecting co-residency with active traffic analysis techniques
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Workshop on Cloud computing security workshop
Streaming as a hypervisor service
Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on Virtualization technologies in distributed computing
An experimental study of cascading performance interference in a virtualized environment
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Protocol Responsibility Offloading to Improve TCP Throughput in Virtualized Environments
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
vTurbo: accelerating virtual machine I/O processing using designated turbo-sliced core
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
COSCAnet: Virtualized Sockets for Scalable and Flexible PaaS Applications
UCC '13 Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM 6th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing
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Virtualization is a key technology that powers cloud computing platforms such as Amazon EC2. Virtual machine (VM) consolidation, where multiple VMs share a physical host, has seen rapid adoption in practice with increasingly large number of VMs per machine and per CPU core. Our investigations, however, suggest that the increasing degree of VM consolidation has serious negative effects on the VMs' TCP transport performance. As multiple VMs share a given CPU, the scheduling latencies, which can be in the order of tens of milliseconds, substantially increase the typically sub-millisecond round-trip times (RTTs) for TCP connections in a datacenter, causing significant degradation in throughput. In this paper, we propose a light-weight solution called vFlood that (a) allows a TCP sender VM to opportunistically flood the driver domain in the same host, and (b) offloads the VM's TCP congestion control function to the driver domain in order to mask the effects of VM consolidation. Our evaluation of a vFlood prototype on Xen suggests that vFlood substantially improves TCP transmit throughput with minimal per-packet CPU overhead. Further, our application-level evaluation using Apache Olio, a web 2.0 cloud application, indicates a 33% improvement in the number of operations per second.