WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Question-answering by predictive annotation
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Yago: a core of semantic knowledge
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
Flexible answer typing with discriminative preference ranking
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
DBpedia: a nucleus for a web of open data
ISWC'07/ASWC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international The semantic web and 2nd Asian conference on Asian semantic web conference
Answer type validation in question answering systems
RIAO '10 Adaptivity, Personalization and Fusion of Heterogeneous Information
Enhancing the open-domain classification of named entity using linked open data
ISWC'10 Proceedings of the 9th international semantic web conference on The semantic web - Volume Part I
Passage reranking for question answering using syntactic structures and answer types
ECIR'11 Proceedings of the 33rd European conference on Advances in information retrieval
Deep answers for naturally asked questions on the web of data
Proceedings of the 21st international conference companion on World Wide Web
Natural language questions for the web of data
EMNLP-CoNLL '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning
Automatic typing of DBpedia entities
ISWC'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on The Semantic Web - Volume Part I
Domain-Aware ontology matching
ISWC'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on The Semantic Web - Volume Part I
Query driven hypothesis generation for answering queries over NLP graphs
ISWC'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on The Semantic Web - Volume Part II
A comparison of hard filters and soft evidence for answer typing in watson
ISWC'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on The Semantic Web - Volume Part II
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Robust question answering over the web of linked data
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
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Watson, the winner of the Jeopardy! challenge, is a state-of-the-art open-domain Question Answering system that tackles the fundamental issue of answer typing by using a novel type coercion (TyCor) framework, where candidate answers are initially produced without considering type information, and subsequent stages check whether the candidate can be coerced into the expected answer type. In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of the TyCor framework and discuss how it is integrated in Watson, focusing on and evaluating three TyCor components that leverage the community built semi-structured and structured knowledge resources -- DBpedia (in conjunction with the YAGO ontology), Wikipedia Categories and Lists. These resources complement each other well in terms of precision and granularity of type information, and through links to Wikipedia, provide coverage for a large set of instances.