The society of mind
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Natural language question-answering systems: 1969
Communications of the ACM
New Directions in Question Answering
New Directions in Question Answering
Advances in Open Domain Question Answering (Text, Speech and Language Technology)
Advances in Open Domain Question Answering (Text, Speech and Language Technology)
Speech and Language Processing (2nd Edition)
Speech and Language Processing (2nd Edition)
A composite kernel to extract relations between entities with both flat and structured features
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Yago: a core of semantic knowledge
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
DBpedia - A crystallization point for the Web of Data
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
Leveraging community-built knowledge for type coercion in question answering
ISWC'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on The semantic web - Volume Part II
Robust disambiguation of named entities in text
EMNLP '11 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual resource acquisition and engineering
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Special questions and techniques
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Identifying implicit relationships
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Fact-based question decomposition in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Simulation, learning, and optimization techniques in Watson's game strategies
IBM Journal of Research and Development
In the game: the interface between Watson and Jeopardy!
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Natural language processing for the web
ICWE'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Web Engineering
Combining structured and unstructured knowledge sources for question answering in watson
DILS'12 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Data Integration in the Life Sciences
Hypothesis Generation and Testing in Event Profiling for Digital Forensic Investigations
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Identifying implicit relationships
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
In the game: the interface between Watson and Jeopardy!
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers
Discovering and disambiguating named entities in text
Proceedings of the 2013 Sigmod/PODS Ph.D. symposium on PhD symposium
Mining semantics for culturomics: towards a knowledge-based approach
Proceedings of the 2013 international workshop on Mining unstructured big data using natural language processing
Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law
An investigation into the application of ensemble learning for entailment classification
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Analysis of watson's strategies for playing Jeopardy!
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
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In 2007, IBM Research took on the grand challenge of building a computer system that could compete with champions at the game of Jeopardy!™. In 2011, the open-domain question-answering (QA) system, dubbed Watson, beat the two highest ranked players in a nationally televised two-game Jeopardy! match. This paper provides a brief history of the events and ideas that positioned our team to take on the Jeopardy! challenge, build Watson, IBM Watson™, and ultimately triumph. It describes both the nature of the QA challenge represented by Jeopardy! and our overarching technical approach. The main body of this paper provides a narrative of the DeepQA processing pipeline to introduce the articles in this special issue and put them in context of the overall system. Finally, this paper summarizes our main results, describing how the system, as a holistic combination of many diverse algorithmic techniques, performed at champion levels, and it briefly discusses the team's future research plans.