Information retrieval by constrained spreading activation in semantic networks
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Artificial Intelligence and Information Retrieval
On the use of spreading activation methods in automatic information
SIGIR '88 Proceedings of the 11th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Application of Spreading Activation Techniques in InformationRetrieval
Artificial Intelligence Review
Similarity between words computed by spreading activation on an English dictionary
EACL '93 Proceedings of the sixth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
FERRET: interactive question-answering for real-world environments
COLING-ACL '06 Proceedings of the COLING/ACL on Interactive presentation sessions
Semantic Decomposition for Question Answering
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on ECAI 2008: 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Word sense disambiguation with spreading activation networks generated from thesauri
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
Enhancing QA systems with complex temporal question processing capabilities
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual resource acquisition and engineering
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Fact-based question decomposition in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Hypothesis Generation and Testing in Event Profiling for Digital Forensic Investigations
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Special questions and techniques
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Fact-based question decomposition in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
In the game: the interface between Watson and Jeopardy!
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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Answering natural-language questions may often involve identifying hidden associations and implicit relationships. In some cases, an explicit question is asked by the user to discover some hidden concept related to a set of entities. Answering the explicit question and identifying the implicit entity both require the system to discover the semantically related but hidden concepts in the question. In this paper, we describe a spreading-activation approach to concept expansion, backed by three distinct knowledge resources for measuring semantic relatedness. We discuss how our spreading-activation approach is applied to address these questions, exemplified in Jeopardy!™ by questions in the "COMMON BONDS" category and by many Final Jeopardy! questions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach by measuring its impact on IBM Watson™ performance on these questions.