WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Is it the right answer?: exploiting web redundancy for Answer Validation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
DBpedia - A crystallization point for the Web of Data
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
Probabilistic models for answer-ranking in multilingual question-answering
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
That's what she said: double entendre identification
HLT '11 Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies: short papers - Volume 2
Fact-based question decomposition for candidate answer re-ranking
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Identifying implicit relationships
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Fact-based question decomposition in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Parallel and nested decomposition for factoid questions
EACL '12 Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual resource acquisition and engineering
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Fact-based question decomposition in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Analysis of watson's strategies for playing Jeopardy!
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
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Jeopardy!™ questions represent a wide variety of question types. The vast majority are Standard Jeopardy! Questions, where the question contains one or more assertions about some unnamed entity or concept, and the task is to identify the described entity or concept. This style of question is a representative of a wide range of common question-answering tasks, and the bulk of the IBM Watsoni system is focused on solving this problem. A small percentage of Jeopardy! questions require a specialized procedure to derive an answer or some derived assertion about the answer. We call any question that requires such a specialized computational procedure, selected on the basis of a unique classification of the question, a Special Jeopardy! Question. Although Special Questions per se are typically less relevant in broader question-answering applications, they are an important class of question to address in the Jeopardy! context. Moreover, the design of our Special Question solving procedures motivated architectural design decisions that are applicable to general open-domain question-answering systems. We explore these rarer classes of questions here and describe and evaluate the techniques that we developed to solve these questions.