The structure-mapping engine: algorithm and examples
Artificial Intelligence
Passage-level evidence in document retrieval
SIGIR '94 Proceedings of the 17th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure
Communications of the ACM
Exploiting redundancy in question answering
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Quantitative evaluation of passage retrieval algorithms for question answering
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Is it the right answer?: exploiting web redundancy for Answer Validation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
In question answering, two heads are better than one
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
COGEX: a logic prover for question answering
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
Precision and recall of machine translation
NAACL-Short '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: companion volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003--short papers - Volume 2
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Kernel methods, syntax and semantics for relational text categorization
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
Analysis of strategic knowledge in back of the envelope reasoning
AAAI'05 Proceedings of the 20th national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
StatMT '08 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
Improving text retrieval precision and answer accuracy in question answering systems
IRQA '08 Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering
Structure mapping for jeopardy! clues
ICCBR'11 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Hypothesis Generation and Testing in Event Profiling for Digital Forensic Investigations
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual resource acquisition and engineering
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Special questions and techniques
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Identifying implicit relationships
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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One useful source of evidence for evaluating a candidate answer to a question is a passage that contains the candidate answer and is relevant to the question. In the DeepQA pipeline, we retrieve passages using a novel technique that we call Supporting Evidence Retrieval, in which we perform separate search queries for each candidate answer, in parallel, and include the candidate answer as part of the query. We then score these passages using an assortment of algorithms that use different aspects and relationships of the terms in the question and passage. We provide evidence that our mechanisms for obtaining and scoring passages have a substantial impact on the ability of our question-answering system to answer questions and judge the confidence of the answers.