WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Computational Linguistics
Accurate unlexicalized parsing
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Heuristics for broad-coverage natural language parsing
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Verbnet: a broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon
Verbnet: a broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon
Head-Driven Statistical Models for Natural Language Parsing
Computational Linguistics
Coarse-to-fine n-best parsing and MaxEnt discriminative reranking
ACL '05 Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Finding needles in the haystack: search and candidate generation
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Fact-based question decomposition in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law
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Two deep parsing components, an English Slot Grammar (ESG) parser and a predicate-argument structure (PAS) builder, provide core linguistic analyses of both the questions and the text content used by IBM Watson™ to find and hypothesize answers. Specifically, these components are fundamental in question analysis, candidate generation, and analysis of passage evidence. As part of the Watson project, ESG was enhanced, and its performance on Jeopardy!™ questions and on established reference data was improved. PAS was built on top of ESG to support higher-level analytics. In this paper, we describe these components and illustrate how they are used in a pattern-based relation extraction component of Watson. We also provide quantitative results of evaluating the component-level performance of ESG parsing.