AI Magazine
MURAX: a robust linguistic approach for question answering using an on-line encyclopedia
SIGIR '93 Proceedings of the 16th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Question-answering by predictive annotation
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Automatic query wefinement using lexical affinities with maximal information gain
SIGIR '02 Proceedings of the 25th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
On the MSE robustness of batching estimators
Proceedings of the 33nd conference on Winter simulation
Artificial Intelligence
Quantitative evaluation of passage retrieval algorithms for question answering
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Combining the language model and inference network approaches to retrieval
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal - Special issue: Bayesian networks and information retrieval
Lucene in Action (In Action series)
Lucene in Action (In Action series)
Is it the right answer?: exploiting web redundancy for Answer Validation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
The structure and performance of an open-domain question answering system
ACL '00 Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
REXTOR: a system for generating relations from natural language
RANLPIR '00 Proceedings of the ACL-2000 workshop on Recent advances in natural language processing and information retrieval: held in conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 11
Overview of the CLEF 2007 Multilingual Question Answering Track
Advances in Multilingual and Multimodal Information Retrieval
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual resource acquisition and engineering
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Special questions and techniques
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Identifying implicit relationships
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Natural language questions for the web of data
EMNLP-CoNLL '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning
A comparison of hard filters and soft evidence for answer typing in watson
ISWC'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on The Semantic Web - Volume Part II
Hypothesis Generation and Testing in Event Profiling for Digital Forensic Investigations
International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual resource acquisition and engineering
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Typing candidate answers using type coercion
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Textual evidence gathering and analysis
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Structured data and inference in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Special questions and techniques
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Identifying implicit relationships
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Robust question answering over the web of linked data
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
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A key phase in the DeepQA architecture is Hypothesis Generation, in which candidate system responses are generated for downstream scoring and ranking. In the IBM Watson™ system, these hypotheses are potential answers to Jeopardy!™ questions and are generated by two components: search and candidate generation. The search component retrieves content relevant to a given question from Watson's knowledge resources. The candidate generation component identifies potential answers to the question from the retrieved content. In this paper, we present strategies developed to use characteristics of Watson's different knowledge sources and to formulate effective search queries against those sources. We further discuss a suite of candidate generation strategies that use various kinds of metadata, such as document titles or anchor texts in hyperlinked documents. We demonstrate that a combination of these strategies brings the correct answer into the candidate answer pool for 87.17% of all the questions in a blind test set, facilitating high end-to-end question-answering performance.