ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
The IBM expressive text-to-speech synthesis system for American English
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Identifying implicit relationships
IBM Journal of Research and Development
A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
IBM Journal of Research and Development
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Simulation, learning, and optimization techniques in Watson's game strategies
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Introduction to "This is Watson"
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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To play as a contestant in Jeopardy!™, IBM Watson™ needed an interface program to handle the communications between the Jeopardy! computers that operate the game and its own components: question answering, game strategy, speech, buzzer, etc. Because Watson cannot hear or see, when the categories and clues were displayed on the game board, they were also sent electronically to Watson. The program also monitored signals generated when the buzzer system was activated and when a contestant successfully rang in. If Watson was confident of its answer, it triggered a solenoid to depress its buzzer button and used a text-to-speech system to speak its response. Since it did not hear the host's judgment, it relied on changes to the scores and the game flow to infer whether its answer was correct. The interface program had to use what were sometimes conflicting events to determine the state of the game without any human intervention.