Unsupervised Learning of Finite Mixture Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Computational Statistics & Data Analysis
EMMCVPR '99 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Recovering Facial Shape and Albedo Using a Statistical Model of Surface Normal Direction
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1 - Volume 01
SMEM Algorithm for Mixture Models
Neural Computation
Facial gender classification using shape-from-shading
Image and Vision Computing
Extracting gender discriminating features from facial needle-maps
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Supervised relevance maps for increasing the distinctiveness of facial images
Pattern Recognition
Gender discriminating models from facial surface normals
Pattern Recognition
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The aim in this paper is to show how to discriminate gender using a parameterized representation of fields of facial surface normals (needle-maps) which can be extracted from 2D intensity images using shape-from-shading (SFS). We makes use of principle geodesic analysis (PGA) to parameterize the facial needle-maps. Using feature selection, we determine which of the components of the resulting parameter vector are the most significant in distinguishing gender. Using the EM algorithm we distinguish gender by fitting a two component mixture model to the vectors of selected features. Results on real-world data reveal that the method gives gender discrimination results that are comparable to human observers.