Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals
Communications of the ACM
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Motion texture: a two-level statistical model for character motion synthesis
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Learning and Recognizing Human Dynamics in Video Sequences
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Human Action Detection Using PNF Propagation of Temporal Constraints
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Temporal Differences in Eye and Mouth Movements Classifying Facial Expressions of Smiles
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Facial expression recognition using a dynamic model and motion energy
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Hierarchical clustering of dynamical systems based on eigenvalue constraints
ICAPR'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition - Volume Part I
An exploration toward automatic facial expression analysis for intelligent HCI systems
ACS'07 Proceedings of the 7th Conference on 7th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Computer Science - Volume 7
Cognitive modeling in software and relation to human emotional reasoning
ACS'07 Proceedings of the 7th Conference on 7th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Computer Science - Volume 7
Facial expression recognition and synthesis toward construction of quasi-personality
AIKED'07 Proceedings of the 6th Conference on 6th WSEAS Int. Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Engineering and Data Bases - Volume 6
Virtual cognitive model for Miyazawa Kenji based on speech and facial images recognition
SSIP'06 Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Signal, Speech and Image Processing
Intelligent human interface based on mental cloning-based software
Knowledge-Based Systems
Cognitive Modeling in Software and Relation to Human Emotional Reasoning
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the sixth SoMeT_07
Modeling timing structure in multimedia signals
AMDO'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
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This paper presents a method for interpreting facial expressions based on temporal structures among partial movements in facial image sequences. To extract the structures, we propose a novel facial expression representation, which we call a facial score, similar to a musical score. The facial score enables us to describe facial expressions as spatio-temporal combinations of temporal intervals; each interval represents a simple motion pattern with the beginning and ending times of the motion. Thus, we can classify fine-grained expressions from multivariate distributions of temporal differences between the intervals in the score. In this paper, we provide a method to obtain the score automatically from input images using bottom-up clustering of dynamics. We evaluate the efficiency of facial scores by comparing the temporal structure of intentional smiles with that of spontaneous smiles.