Computer systems that learn: classification and prediction methods from statistics, neural nets, machine learning, and expert systems
Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL
EMCL '01 Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Machine Learning
Natural Language Engineering
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Automatic summarising: The state of the art
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Recognizing entailment in intelligent tutoring systems*
Natural Language Engineering
Diagnosing meaning errors in short answers to reading comprehension questions
EANL '08 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications
Overview of the answer validation exercise 2008
CLEF'08 Proceedings of the 9th Cross-language evaluation forum conference on Evaluating systems for multilingual and multimodal information access
Short answer assessment: establishing links between research strands
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
Evaluating the meaning of answers to reading comprehension questions a semantics-based approach
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
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Reading comprehension activities are an authentic task including a rich, language-based context, which makes them an interesting real-life challenge for research into automatic content analysis. For textual entailment research, content assessment of reading comprehension exercises provides an interesting opportunity for extrinsic, real-purpose evaluation, which also supports the integration of context and task information into the analysis. In this paper, we discuss the first results for content assessment of reading comprehension activities for German and present results which are competitive with the current state of the art for English. Diving deeper into the results, we provide an analysis in terms of the different question types and the ways in which the information asked for is encoded in the text. We then turn to analyzing the role of the question and argue that the surface-based account of information that is given in the question should be replaced with a more sophisticated, linguistically informed analysis of the information structuring of the answer in the context of the question that it is a response to.