WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Partial parsing via finite-state cascades
Natural Language Engineering
Accurate unlexicalized parsing
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Designing intelligent language tutoring systems for integration into foreign language instruction
Designing intelligent language tutoring systems for integration into foreign language instruction
Corpus-based and knowledge-based measures of text semantic similarity
AAAI'06 Proceedings of the 21st national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Automated essay scoring for nonnative English speakers
ASSESSEVALNLP '99 Proceedings of a Symposium on Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing
Meteor: an automatic metric for MT evaluation with high levels of correlation with human judgments
StatMT '07 Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation
Enhancing authentic web pages for language learners
IUNLPBEA '10 Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications
AutoLearn's authoring tool: a piece of cake for teachers
IUNLPBEA '10 Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications
TIWTE '11 Proceedings of the TextInfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment
Short answer assessment: establishing links between research strands
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
Evaluating the meaning of answers to reading comprehension questions a semantics-based approach
Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on Building Educational Applications Using NLP
Intelligent Sentence Writing Tutor: A System Development Cycle
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
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A common focus of systems in Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) is to provide immediate feedback to language learners working on exercises. Most of this research has focused on providing feedback on the form of the learner input. Foreign language practice and second language acquisition research, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of exercises that require the learner to manipulate meaning. The ability of an ICALL system to diagnose and provide feedback on the meaning conveyed by a learner response depends on how well it can deal with the response variation allowed by an activity. We focus on short-answer reading comprehension questions which have a clearly defined target response but the learner may convey the meaning of the target in multiple ways. As empirical basis of our work, we collected an English as a Second Language (ESL) learner corpus of short-answer reading comprehension questions, for which two graders provided target answers and correctness judgments. On this basis, we developed a Content-Assessment Module (CAM), which performs shallow semantic analysis to diagnose meaning errors. It reaches an accuracy of 88% for semantic error detection and 87% on semantic error diagnosis on a held-out test data set.