A conceptual theory of question answering
Readings in natural language processing
Learning to resolve natural language ambiguities: a unified approach
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
A Winnow-Based Approach to Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction
Machine Learning - Special issue on natural language learning
Analyses for elucidating current question answering technology
Natural Language Engineering
Deep Read: a reading comprehension system
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Toward semantics-based answer pinpointing
HLT '01 Proceedings of the first international conference on Human language technology research
Exploring evidence for shallow parsing
ConLL '01 Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Computational Natural Language Learning - Volume 7
Parsing and question classification for question answering
ODQA '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Open-domain question answering - Volume 12
Relational learning via propositional algorithms: an information extraction case study
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Question classification using support vector machines
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Learning query-class dependent weights in automatic video retrieval
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Analysis of Statistical Question Classification for Fact-Based Questions
Information Retrieval
QUALIFIER: question answering by lexical fabric and external resources
EACL '03 Proceedings of the tenth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Question classification with support vector machines and error correcting codes
NAACL-Short '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: companion volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003--short papers - Volume 2
PhraseNet: towards context sensitive lexical semantics
CONLL '03 Proceedings of the seventh conference on Natural language learning at HLT-NAACL 2003 - Volume 4
Question classification using HDAG kernel
MultiSumQA '03 Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Multilingual summarization and question answering - Volume 12
Building a reusable test collection for question answering
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Research Articles
Question classification with log-linear models
SIGIR '06 Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Learning question classifiers: the role of semantic information
Natural Language Engineering
Convolution kernels with feature selection for natural language processing tasks
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
QuestionBank: creating a corpus of parse-annotated questions
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
A language independent method for question classification
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
Enhanced answer type inference from questions using sequential models
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Emotions from text: machine learning for text-based emotion prediction
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
Identifying and improving retrieval for procedural questions
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
A machine learning approach for Indonesian question answering system
AIAP'07 Proceedings of the 25th conference on Proceedings of the 25th IASTED International Multi-Conference: artificial intelligence and applications
The role of documents vs. queries in extracting class attributes from text
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management
Structure and semantics for expressive text kernels
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management
Question classification with semantic tree kernel
Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
User Modelling for Personalized Question Answering
AI*IA '07 Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence on AI*IA 2007: Artificial Intelligence and Human-Oriented Computing
Tamil Question Classification Using Morpheme Features
GoTAL '08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in Natural Language Processing
ICADL 08 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries: Universal and Ubiquitous Access to Information
A Machine Learning Approach for an Indonesian-English Cross Language Question Answering System
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
A Parallel Corpus Labeled Using Open and Restricted Domain Ontologies
CICLing '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing
New information distance measure and its application in question answering system
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Kernels on linguistic structures for answer extraction
HLT-Short '08 Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Short Papers
Multilingual Question Classification based on surface text features
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Artificial Intelligence Research and Development
QUESTION ANSWERING USING QUESTION CLASSIFICATION AND DOCUMENT TAGGING
Applied Artificial Intelligence
Classifying what-type questions by head noun tagging
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Flexible answer typing with discriminative preference ranking
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Question classification using head words and their hypernyms
EMNLP '08 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Subtree mining for question classification problem
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
Learning question paraphrases for QA from Encarta logs
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
Topic indexing and retrieval for factoid QA
IRQA '08 Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering
Answer typing for information retrieval
Proceedings of the 18th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
Learning foci for question answering over topic maps
ACLShort '09 Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers
A proposal of expected answer type and named entity annotation in a question answering context
HSI'09 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Human System Interactions
Semantically Expanding Questions for Supervised Automatic Classification
FQAS '09 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems
Investigation of question classifier in question answering
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 2 - Volume 2
A study of convolution tree kernel with local alignment
GEMS '09 Proceedings of the Workshop on Geometrical Models of Natural Language Semantics
BRUJA: question classification for Spanish. Using machine translation and an English classifier
MLQA '06 Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Question Answering
Developing a question answering system for the slovene language
WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications
Answering questions with an n-gram based passage retrieval engine
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Combined syntactic and semantic Kernels for text classification
ECIR'07 Proceedings of the 29th European conference on IR research
Language model based query classification
ECIR'07 Proceedings of the 29th European conference on IR research
Geometric algebra rotors for sub-symbolic coding of natural language sentences
KES'07/WIRN'07 Proceedings of the 11th international conference, KES 2007 and XVII Italian workshop on neural networks conference on Knowledge-based intelligent information and engineering systems: Part I
Multiple-taxonomy question classification for category search on faceted information
TSD'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Text, speech and dialogue
Dublin city university at QA@CLEF 2008
CLEF'08 Proceedings of the 9th Cross-language evaluation forum conference on Evaluating systems for multilingual and multimodal information access
A semantic approach for question classification using WordNet and Wikipedia
Pattern Recognition Letters
SMS-based web search for low-end mobile devices
Proceedings of the sixteenth annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A study on the use of search engines for answering clinical questions
HIKM '10 Proceedings of the Fourth Australasian Workshop on Health Informatics and Knowledge Management - Volume 108
Function-based question classification for general QA
EMNLP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Building a corpus and developing a question classifier to support messaging-based question answering
Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium
Automatic categorization of questions for user-interactive question answering
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
From symbolic to sub-symbolic information in question classification
Artificial Intelligence Review
Bootstrapping multiple-choice tests with THE-MENTOR
CICLing'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing - Volume Part I
Enhanced semantic expansion for question classification
International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions
Question classification for email
IWCS '11 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Computational Semantics
Multimedia answering: enriching text QA with media information
Proceedings of the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in Information Retrieval
Improving subtree-based question classification classifiers with word-cluster models
NLDB'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Natural language processing and information systems
Exploiting unlabeled data for question classification
NLDB'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Natural language processing and information systems
Linguistic kernels for answer re-ranking in question answering systems
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Editorial: Introduction to the special issue on question answering
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Knowledge and reasoning for question answering: Research perspectives
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Question classification by weighted combination of lexical, syntactic and semantic features
TSD'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Text, speech and dialogue
Question classification for a Croatian QA system
TSD'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Text, speech and dialogue
Latent topic models of surface syntactic information
AI*IA'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Artificial intelligence around man and beyond
Semantic convolution kernels over dependency trees: smoothed partial tree kernel
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
CQC: classifying questions in CQA websites
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Using semi-supervised learning for question classification
ICCPOL'06 Proceedings of the 21st international conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages: beyond the orient: the research challenges ahead
FinTAL'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Advances in Natural Language Processing
Chinese question classification from approach and semantic views
AIRS'05 Proceedings of the Second Asia conference on Asia Information Retrieval Technology
AIRS'06 Proceedings of the Third Asia conference on Information Retrieval Technology
Question classification in spanish and portuguese
CICLing'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing
The research on query expansion for chinese question answering system
FSKD'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery - Volume Part I
TIWTE '11 Proceedings of the TextInfer 2011 Workshop on Textual Entailment
ICIC'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Advances in Intelligent Computing - Volume Part I
A multilingual SVM-based question classification system
MICAI'05 Proceedings of the 4th Mexican international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
AI'10 Proceedings of the 23rd Canadian conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Using syntactic and semantic structural kernels for classifying definition questions in Jeopardy!
EMNLP '11 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Structured lexical similarity via convolution kernels on dependency trees
EMNLP '11 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
A preliminary work on classifying time granularities of temporal questions
IJCNLP'05 Proceedings of the Second international joint conference on Natural Language Processing
Classification of multiple-sentence questions
IJCNLP'05 Proceedings of the Second international joint conference on Natural Language Processing
Feature extraction for learning to classify questions
AI'04 Proceedings of the 17th Australian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Affect listeners: acquisition of affective states by means of conversational systems
COST'09 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Development of Multimodal Interfaces: active Listening and Synchrony
An ontology for clinical questions about the contents of patient notes
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
An information retrieval approach based on discourse type
NLDB'06 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems
Classifying sentences using induced structure
SPIRE'05 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on String Processing and Information Retrieval
Exploring linguistically-rich patterns for question generation
UCNLG+EVAL '11 Proceedings of the UCNLG+Eval: Language Generation and Evaluation Workshop
An evaluation of classification models for question topic categorization
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Distributional models and lexical semantics in convolution kernels
CICLing'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing - Volume Part I
An approach to answer selection in question-answering based on semantic relations
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Three
Learning good decompositions of complex questions
NLDB'12 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Applications of Natural Language Processing and Information Systems
A semantic approach for question analysis
IEA/AIE'12 Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems: advanced research in applied artificial intelligence
Architecture and evaluation of BRUJA, a multilingual question answering system
Information Retrieval
Coarse lexical semantic annotation with supersenses: an Arabic case study
ACL '12 Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Short Papers - Volume 2
Labeling by landscaping: classifying tokens in context by pruning and decorating trees
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Predicting website correctness from consensus analysis
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Research in Applied Computation Symposium
Allowing end users to query graph-based knowledge bases
EKAW'12 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management
A support vector machine-based context-ranking model for question answering
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Locational relativity and domain constraints in spatial questions
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
Natural language interfaces to data services
Search Computing
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Answering questions about European legislation
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Community question topic categorization via hierarchical kernelized classification
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
Building structures from classifiers for passage reranking
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Joint question clustering and relevance prediction for open domain non-factoid question answering
Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World wide web
| Hi-index | 0.00 |
In order to respond correctly to a free form factual question given a large collection of texts, one needs to understand the question to a level that allows determining some of the constraints the question imposes on a possible answer. These constraints may include a semantic classification of the sought after answer and may even suggest using different strategies when looking for and verifying a candidate answer.This paper presents a machine learning approach to question classification. We learn a hierarchical classifier that is guided by a layered semantic hierarchy of answer types, and eventually classifies questions into fine-grained classes. We show accurate results on a large collection of free-form questions used in TREC 10.