On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization
Mathematical Programming: Series A and B
Machine Learning
A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing
Computational Linguistics
Probabilistic question answering on the web
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on World Wide Web
A Brief Introduction to Boosting
IJCAI '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Computing Optimal Hypotheses Efficiently for Boosting
Progress in Discovery Science, Final Report of the Japanese Discovery Science Project
Efficiently mining frequent trees in a forest
Proceedings of the eighth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
ART: A Hybrid Classification Model
Machine Learning
Building a large annotated corpus of English: the penn treebank
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: II
A maximum-entropy-inspired parser
NAACL 2000 Proceedings of the 1st North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics conference
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Question classification with support vector machines and error correcting codes
NAACL-Short '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: companion volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003--short papers - Volume 2
Parsing and question classification for question answering
ODQA '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Open-domain question answering - Volume 12
Learning question classifiers: the role of semantic information
Natural Language Engineering
Boosting-based parse reranking with subtree features
ACL '05 Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Semantic parsing with structured SVM ensemble classification models
COLING-ACL '06 Proceedings of the COLING/ACL on Main conference poster sessions
Classifying what-type questions by head noun tagging
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Geometric algebra rotors for sub-symbolic coding of natural language sentences
KES'07/WIRN'07 Proceedings of the 11th international conference, KES 2007 and XVII Italian workshop on neural networks conference on Knowledge-based intelligent information and engineering systems: Part I
A semantic approach for question classification using WordNet and Wikipedia
Pattern Recognition Letters
Function-based question classification for general QA
EMNLP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Improving subtree-based question classification classifiers with word-cluster models
NLDB'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Natural language processing and information systems
Benchmarking data mining methods in CAT
ICIC'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications: with aspects of artificial intelligence
Joint question clustering and relevance prediction for open domain non-factoid question answering
Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World wide web
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Question Classification, i.e., putting the questions into several semantic categories, is very important for question answering. This paper introduces a new application of using subtree mining for question classification problem. First, we formulate this problem as classifying a tree to a certain label among a set of labels. We then present a use of subtrees in the forest created by the training data to the tree classification problem in which maximum entropy and a boosting model are used as classifiers. Experiments on standard question classification data show that the uses of subtrees along with either maximum entropy or boosting models are promising. The results indicate that our method achieves a comparable or even better performance than kernel methods and also improves testing efficiency.