A conceptual theory of question answering
Readings in natural language processing
Learning to resolve natural language ambiguities: a unified approach
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Machine learning in automated text categorization
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Probabilistic question answering on the web
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on World Wide Web
QuASM: a system for question answering using semi-structured data
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Discovering word senses from text
Proceedings of the eighth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Question classification using support vector machines
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Measures of distributional similarity
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Deep Read: a reading comprehension system
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Toward semantics-based answer pinpointing
HLT '01 Proceedings of the first international conference on Human language technology research
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Performance issues and error analysis in an open-domain Question Answering system
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Question classification with support vector machines and error correcting codes
NAACL-Short '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: companion volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003--short papers - Volume 2
Parsing and question classification for question answering
ODQA '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Open-domain question answering - Volume 12
Open-domain question: answering
Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval
Question classification with semantic tree kernel
Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Kernel methods, syntax and semantics for relational text categorization
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
Answering questions with authority
Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge management
Designing an interactive open-domain question answering system
Natural Language Engineering
Interactive feature space construction using semantic information
CoNLL '09 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning
Fine-grained classification of named entities exploiting latent semantic kernels
CoNLL '09 Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning
Classifying what-type questions by head noun tagging
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Syntactic and semantic kernels for short text pair categorization
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Question classification using head words and their hypernyms
EMNLP '08 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Subtree mining for question classification problem
IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the 20th international joint conference on Artifical intelligence
Learning foci for question answering over topic maps
ACLShort '09 Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Conference Short Papers
Expected Answer Type Identification from Unprocessed Noisy Questions
FQAS '09 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems
Semantically Expanding Questions for Supervised Automatic Classification
FQAS '09 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems
Reverse engineering of tree kernel feature spaces
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 1 - Volume 1
Investigation of question classifier in question answering
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 2 - Volume 2
Advanced structural representations for question classification and answer re-ranking
ECIR'07 Proceedings of the 29th European conference on IR research
Robust question answering for speech transcripts: UPC experience in QAst 2008
CLEF'08 Proceedings of the 9th Cross-language evaluation forum conference on Evaluating systems for multilingual and multimodal information access
A semantic approach for question classification using WordNet and Wikipedia
Pattern Recognition Letters
On reverse feature engineering of syntactic tree kernels
CoNLL '10 Proceedings of the Fourteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning
Function-based question classification for general QA
EMNLP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
An architecture for complex clinical question answering
Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium
Building a corpus and developing a question classifier to support messaging-based question answering
Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Health Informatics Symposium
Robust question answering for speech transcripts: UPC experience in QAst 2009
CLEF'09 Proceedings of the 10th cross-language evaluation forum conference on Multilingual information access evaluation: text retrieval experiments
Large-scale support vector learning with structural kernels
ECML PKDD'10 Proceedings of the 2010 European conference on Machine learning and knowledge discovery in databases: Part III
Enhanced semantic expansion for question classification
International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions
Latent topic models of surface syntactic information
AI*IA'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Artificial intelligence around man and beyond
A survey on question answering technology from an information retrieval perspective
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Efficient convolution kernels for dependency and constituent syntactic trees
ECML'06 Proceedings of the 17th European conference on Machine Learning
Machine learning for query formulation in question answering
Natural Language Engineering
An ontology for clinical questions about the contents of patient notes
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Sibyl, a factoid question-answering system for spoken documents
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Full machine translation for factoid question answering
EACL 2012 Proceedings of the Joint Workshop on Exploiting Synergies between Information Retrieval and Machine Translation (ESIRMT) and Hybrid Approaches to Machine Translation (HyTra)
Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Sensing Applications on Mobile Phones
A multi-layer collaborative cache for question answering
Euro-Par'07 Proceedings of the 13th international Euro-Par conference on Parallel Processing
A support vector machine-based context-ranking model for question answering
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Market intelligence: linked data-driven entity resolution for customer and competitor analysis
ICWE'13 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Web Engineering
Learning regular expressions to template-based FAQ retrieval systems
Knowledge-Based Systems
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To respond correctly to a free form factual question given a large collection of text data, one needs to understand the question to a level that allows determining some of the constraints the question imposes on a possible answer. These constraints may include a semantic classification of the sought after answer and may even suggest using different strategies when looking for and verifying a candidate answer. This work presents a machine learning approach to question classification. Guided by a layered semantic hierarchy of answer types, we develop a hierarchical classifier that classifies questions into fine-grained classes. This work also performs a systematic study of the use of semantic information sources in natural language classification tasks. It is shown that, in the context of question classification, augmenting the input of the classifier with appropriate semantic category information results in significant improvements to classification accuracy. We show accurate results on a large collection of free-form questions used in TREC 10 and 11.