MURAX: a robust linguistic approach for question answering using an on-line encyclopedia
SIGIR '93 Proceedings of the 16th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Query expansion using lexical-semantic relations
SIGIR '94 Proceedings of the 17th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure
Communications of the ACM
WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing
Computational Linguistics
Query expansion using local and global document analysis
SIGIR '96 Proceedings of the 19th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
The use of MMR, diversity-based reranking for reordering documents and producing summaries
Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Phase-based information retrieval
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
An Algorithm that Learns What‘s in a Name
Machine Learning - Special issue on natural language learning
Question-answering by predictive annotation
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Building a question answering test collection
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Scaling question answering to the Web
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on World Wide Web
Exploiting redundancy in question answering
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
High performance question/answering
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Mining the web for answers to natural language questions
Proceedings of the tenth international conference on Information and knowledge management
Probabilistic question answering on the web
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on World Wide Web
Omnibase: Uniform Access to Heterogeneous Data for Question Answering
NLDB '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems-Revised Papers
The role of context in question answering systems
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Structured use of external knowledge for event-based open domain question answering
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Quantitative evaluation of passage retrieval algorithms for question answering
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Searching XML documents via XML fragments
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
An efficient easily adaptable system for interpreting natural language queries
Computational Linguistics
Natural language question answering: the view from here
Natural Language Engineering
Ranking suspected answers to natural language questions using predictive annotation
ANLC '00 Proceedings of the sixth conference on Applied natural language processing
Disambiguation of proper names in text
ANLC '97 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing
Unsupervised learning of soft patterns for generating definitions from online news
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Dependence language model for information retrieval
Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A method for word sense disambiguation of unrestricted text
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
New Directions in Question Answering
New Directions in Question Answering
Answering what-is questions by Virtual Annotation
HLT '01 Proceedings of the first international conference on Human language technology research
The role of lexico-semantic feedback in open-domain textual question-answering
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Logic form transformation of WordNet and its applicability to question answering
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Learning surface text patterns for a Question Answering system
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Is it the right answer?: exploiting web redundancy for Answer Validation
ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Automatic evaluation of summaries using N-gram co-occurrence statistics
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
COGEX: a logic prover for question answering
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
A noisy-channel approach to question answering
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
The structure and performance of an open-domain question answering system
ACL '00 Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
A Markov random field model for term dependencies
Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
TREC: Experiment and Evaluation in Information Retrieval (Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing)
Semantic search via XML fragments: a high-precision approach to IR
SIGIR '06 Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Learning question classifiers: the role of semantic information
Natural Language Engineering
Advances in Open Domain Question Answering (Text, Speech and Language Technology)
Advances in Open Domain Question Answering (Text, Speech and Language Technology)
Question answering using constraint satisfaction: QA-by-Dossier-with-Constraints
ACL '04 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Improving QA accuracy by question inversion
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Automatically evaluating answers to definition questions
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Will pyramids built of nuggets topple over?
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
An exploration of the principles underlying redundancy-based factoid question answering
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Statistical answer-type identification in open-domain question answering
HLT '02 Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research
Type nanotheories: a framework for term comparison
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management
The PASCAL recognising textual entailment challenge
MLCW'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Machine Learning Challenges: evaluating Predictive Uncertainty Visual Object Classification, and Recognizing Textual Entailment
Toward automatic facet analysis and need negotiation: Lessons from mediated search
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
EMNLP '08 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
From text question-answering to multimedia QA on web-scale media resources
LS-MMRM '09 Proceedings of the First ACM workshop on Large-scale multimedia retrieval and mining
Investigation of question classifier in question answering
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 2 - Volume 2
IdSay: question answering for Portuguese
CLEF'08 Proceedings of the 9th Cross-language evaluation forum conference on Evaluating systems for multilingual and multimodal information access
Exploring large scale data for multimedia QA: an initial study
Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval
Extraction and approximation of numerical attributes from the Web
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Learning the relative usefulness of questions in community QA
EMNLP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
FACTO: a fact lookup engine based on web tables
Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web
Question answering using statistical language modelling
Computer Speech and Language
Learning from the past: answering new questions with past answers
Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web
Answer sentence retrieval by matching dependency paths acquired from question/answer sentence pairs
EACL '12 Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Question answering at the cross-language evaluation forum 2003---2010
Language Resources and Evaluation
Question analysis: how watson reads a clue
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Building structures from classifiers for passage reranking
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
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The top-performing Question-Answering (QA) systems have been of two types: consistent, solid, well-established and multi-faceted systems that do well year after year, and ones that come out of nowhere employing totally innovative approaches and which out-perform almost everybody else. This article examines both types of system in depth. We establish what a "typical" QA-system looks like, and cover the commonly used approaches by the component modules. Understanding this will enable any proficient system developer to build his own QA-system. Fortunately there are many components available for free from their developers to make this a reasonable expectation for a graduate-level project. We also look at particular systems that have performed well and which employ interesting and innovative approaches.