WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Question-answering by predictive annotation
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Using WordNet and Lexical Operators to Improve Internet Searches
IEEE Internet Computing
Ranking suspected answers to natural language questions using predictive annotation
ANLC '00 Proceedings of the sixth conference on Applied natural language processing
A method for word sense disambiguation of unrestricted text
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Unsupervised learning of soft patterns for generating definitions from online news
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Analysis of Statistical Question Classification for Fact-Based Questions
Information Retrieval
In question answering, two heads are better than one
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
A machine learning approach to introspection in a Question Answering system
EMNLP '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - Volume 10
HITIQA: an interactive question answering system a preliminary report
MultiSumQA '03 Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Multilingual summarization and question answering - Volume 12
Building a terminological database from heterogeneous definitional sources
dg.o '03 Proceedings of the 2003 annual national conference on Digital government research
Reranking answers for definitional QA using language modeling
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Learning to identify single-snippet answers to definition questions
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
Soft pattern matching models for definitional question answering
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Statistical answer-type identification in open-domain question answering
HLT '02 Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research
Open-domain question: answering
Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval
Semantically driven snippet selection for supporting focused web searches
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Qualitative dimensions in question answering: extending the definitional QA task
AAAI'05 Proceedings of the 20th national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 4
Finding short definitions of terms on web pages
EMNLP '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Volume 3 - Volume 3
Versatile question answering systems: seeing in synthesis
International Journal of Intelligent Information and Database Systems
Combining semantic information in question answering systems
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
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We present the technique of Virtual Annotation as a specialization of Predictive Annotation for answering definitional What is questions. These questions generally have the property that the type of the answer is not given away by the question, which poses problems for a system which has to select answer strings from suggested passages. Virtual Annotation uses a combination of knowledge-based techniques using an ontology, and statistical techniques using a large corpus to achieve high precision.