Questions, answers, and responses: interacting with knowledge base systems
On knowledge base management systems: integrating artificial intelligence and d atabase technologies
Readings in natural language processing
Readings in natural language processing
MURAX: a robust linguistic approach for question answering using an on-line encyclopedia
SIGIR '93 Proceedings of the 16th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Readings in information retrieval
Readings in information retrieval
Answering English questions by computer: a survey
Communications of the ACM
Understanding Natural Language
Understanding Natural Language
A Real World Implementation of Answer Extraction
DEXA '98 Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications
SUMMAC: a text summarization evaluation
Natural Language Engineering
Deep Read: a reading comprehension system
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
From information retrieval to information extraction
RANLPIR '00 Proceedings of the ACL-2000 workshop on Recent advances in natural language processing and information retrieval: held in conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 11
Parsing and question classification for question answering
ODQA '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Open-domain question answering - Volume 12
A statistical method for short answer extraction
ODQA '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Open-domain question answering - Volume 12
Towards ontological question answering
ODQA '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Open-domain question answering - Volume 12
Terminological variants for document selection and question/answer matching
ODQA '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Open-domain question answering - Volume 12
Rutabaga by any other name: extracting biological names
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Sublanguage
Quantitative evaluation of passage retrieval algorithms for question answering
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Implementation architectures for natural language generation
Natural Language Engineering
Building a reusable test collection for question answering
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Research Articles
The role of knowledge in conceptual retrieval: a study in the domain of clinical medicine
SIGIR '06 Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Reading comprehension tests for computer-based understanding evaluation
Natural Language Engineering
AquaLog: an ontology-driven question answering system to interface the semantic web
NAACL-Demonstrations '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: companion volume: demonstrations
An exploration of the principles underlying redundancy-based factoid question answering
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Question Answering in Restricted Domains: An Overview
Computational Linguistics
Answering Clinical Questions with Knowledge-Based and Statistical Techniques
Computational Linguistics
AquaLog: An ontology-driven question answering system for organizational semantic intranets
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
The role of information retrieval in answering complex questions
COLING-ACL '06 Proceedings of the COLING/ACL on Main conference poster sessions
AnswerBus question answering system
HLT '02 Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research
Open-domain question: answering
Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval
Natural language processing in clime, a multilingual legal advisory system†
Natural Language Engineering
Hierarchical learning strategy in semantic relation extraction
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Incorporation of corpus-specific semantic information into question answering context
Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Ontologies and information systems for the semantic web
Using Graphs for Shallow Question Answering on Legal Documents
MICAI '08 Proceedings of the 7th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
NLION: Natural Language Interface for querying ONtologies
Proceedings of the 2nd Bangalore Annual Compute Conference
NLP for Shallow Question Answering of Legal Documents Using Graphs
CICLing '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing
Computer Speech and Language
Means of question-answer interaction for collaborative development activity
Advances in Human-Computer Interaction
Ontology-based natural language query processing for the biological domain
BioNLP '06 Proceedings of the Workshop on Linking Natural Language Processing and Biology: Towards Deeper Biological Literature Analysis
Slovene language question answering system
ICCOMP'09 Proceedings of the WSEAES 13th international conference on Computers
Learning strategies for open-domain natural language question answering
ACLstudent '05 Proceedings of the ACL Student Research Workshop
Improving text retrieval precision and answer accuracy in question answering systems
IRQA '08 Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering
Passage retrieval for question answering using sliding windows
IRQA '08 Coling 2008: Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Information Retrieval for Question Answering
Learning strategies for open-domain natural language question answering
IJCAI'05 Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Ontology-based natural language query processing for the biological domain
LNLBioNLP '06 Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL BioNLP Workshop on Linking Natural Language and Biology
Situated question answering in the clinical domain: selecting the best drug treatment for diseases
SumQA '06 Proceedings of the Workshop on Task-Focused Summarization and Question Answering
Developing a question answering system for the slovene language
WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications
An intelligent platform for information retrieval
Proceedings of the 2005 joint Chinese-German conference on Cognitive systems
Ontological modeling for interactive question answering
OTM'07 Proceedings of the 2007 OTM confederated international conference on On the move to meaningful internet systems - Volume Part I
Biomedical question answering: A survey
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Finite-state methods and models in natural language processing
Natural Language Engineering
A survey on question answering technology from an information retrieval perspective
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Experiments in passage selection and answer identification for question answering
FinTAL'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Advances in Natural Language Processing
PowerMap: mapping the real semantic web on the fly
ISWC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on The Semantic Web
AquaLog: an ontology-portable question answering system for the semantic web
ESWC'05 Proceedings of the Second European conference on The Semantic Web: research and Applications
Question answering for spanish supported by lexical context annotation
CLEF'04 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Cross-Language Evaluation Forum: multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images
A comparative survey of Personalised Information Retrieval and Adaptive Hypermedia techniques
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Towards interrogative types in task-oriented dialogue systems
NLDB'12 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Applications of Natural Language Processing and Information Systems
A semantic approach for question analysis
IEA/AIE'12 Proceedings of the 25th international conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems: advanced research in applied artificial intelligence
Question answering at the cross-language evaluation forum 2003---2010
Language Resources and Evaluation
Architecture and evaluation of BRUJA, a multilingual question answering system
Information Retrieval
Work out the semantic web search: the cooperative way
Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Natural language questions for the web of data
EMNLP-CoNLL '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning
A comparison of hard filters and soft evidence for answer typing in watson
ISWC'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on The Semantic Web - Volume Part II
Aggregated search: A new information retrieval paradigm
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Survey of social search from the perspectives of the village paradigm and online social networks
Journal of Information Science
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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As users struggle to navigate the wealth of on-line information now available, the need for automated question answering systems becomes more urgent. We need systems that allow a user to ask a question in everyday language and receive an answer quickly and succinctly, with sufficient context to validate the answer. Current search engines can return ranked lists of documents, but they do not deliver answers to the user.Question answering systems address this problem. Recent successes have been reported in a series of question-answering evaluations that started in 1999 as part of the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). The best systems are now able to answer more than two thirds of factual questions in this evaluation.