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VLDB '86 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
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Language Modeling for Information Retrieval
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Query Expansion and Query Reduction in Document Retrieval
ICTAI '03 Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence
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New Directions in Question Answering
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HLT '01 Proceedings of the first international conference on Human language technology research
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COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
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ACL '02 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
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EMNLP '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - Volume 10
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MultiSumQA '03 Proceedings of the ACL 2003 workshop on Multilingual summarization and question answering - Volume 12
TREC: Experiment and Evaluation in Information Retrieval (Digital Libraries and Electronic Publishing)
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Information Extraction: Algorithms and Prospects in a Retrieval Context (The Information Retrieval Series)
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Natural Language Engineering
Fundamentals of Database Systems (5th Edition)
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ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Methods for using textual entailment in open-domain question answering
ACL-44 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Question answering based on semantic structures
COLING '04 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Computational Linguistics
Factoid question answering with web, mobile and speech interfaces
NAACL-Demonstrations '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: companion volume: demonstrations
The Pyramid Method: Incorporating human content selection variation in summarization evaluation
ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing (TSLP)
Question Answering in Restricted Domains: An Overview
Computational Linguistics
Answering Clinical Questions with Knowledge-Based and Statistical Techniques
Computational Linguistics
A Natural Language-Based Interface for Querying a Video Database
IEEE MultiMedia
Structured retrieval for question answering
SIGIR '07 Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A question/answer typology with surface text patterns
HLT '02 Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research
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HLT '02 Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research
Introduction to Statistical Relational Learning (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning)
Introduction to Statistical Relational Learning (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning)
TREC: Continuing information retrieval's tradition of experimentation
Communications of the ACM
Extending a Natural Language Interface with Geospatial Queries
IEEE Internet Computing
Question Answering over Implicitly Structured Web Content
WI '07 Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence
Conversation-Based Natural Language Interface to Relational Databases
WI-IATW '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Workshops
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Information Sciences: an International Journal
Beyond keywords: Automated question answering on the web
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Using Domain Specific Question Answering Technique for Automatic Railways Inquiry on Mobile Phone
ITNG '08 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
Mobile Retriever: access to digital documents from their physical source
International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition
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Baseball: an automatic question-answerer
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Natural Language Interface Construction Using Semantic Grammars
PRICAI '08 Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Trends in Artificial Intelligence
Addressing ontology-based question answering with collections of user queries
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice
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Hitiqa: High-quality intelligence through interactive question answering
Natural Language Engineering
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Natural Language Engineering
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HLT-Short '08 Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Short Papers
Some Foundational Linguistic Elements for QA Systems: an Application to E-government Services
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Argumentation mining: the detection, classification and structure of arguments in text
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Using syntactic information for improving why-question answering
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Using coreference for question answering
CorefApp '99 Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference and its Applications
Syntactic and semantic kernels for short text pair categorization
EACL '09 Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Exploiting Wikipedia and EuroWordNet to solve Cross-Lingual Question Answering
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Temporal context representation and reasoning
IJCAI'05 Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Learning of graph-based question answering rules
TextGraphs-1 Proceedings of the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing
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ACL '09 Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP: Volume 2 - Volume 2
A natural language query interface to structured information
ESWC'08 Proceedings of the 5th European semantic web conference on The semantic web: research and applications
ECIR'08 Proceedings of the IR research, 30th European conference on Advances in information retrieval
Probabilistic inductive logic programming
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Qme!: a speech-based question-answering system on mobile devices
HLT '10 Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Good question! Statistical ranking for question generation
HLT '10 Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
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HLT '10 Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Optimizing question answering accuracy by maximizing log-likelihood
ACLShort '10 Proceedings of the ACL 2010 Conference Short Papers
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CLEF'09 Proceedings of the 10th cross-language evaluation forum conference on Multilingual information access evaluation: text retrieval experiments
Overview of ResPubliQA 2009: question answering evaluation over European legislation
CLEF'09 Proceedings of the 10th cross-language evaluation forum conference on Multilingual information access evaluation: text retrieval experiments
Extending a logic-based question answering system for administrative texts
CLEF'09 Proceedings of the 10th cross-language evaluation forum conference on Multilingual information access evaluation: text retrieval experiments
Semantic QA for encyclopaedic questions: EQUAL in GikiCLEF
CLEF'09 Proceedings of the 10th cross-language evaluation forum conference on Multilingual information access evaluation: text retrieval experiments
Interactive probabilistic search for GikiCLEF
CLEF'09 Proceedings of the 10th cross-language evaluation forum conference on Multilingual information access evaluation: text retrieval experiments
Linguistic kernels for answer re-ranking in question answering systems
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
GeoCLEF: the CLEF 2005 cross-language geographic information retrieval track overview
CLEF'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Cross-Language Evalution Forum: accessing Multilingual Information Repositories
AquaLog: an ontology-portable question answering system for the semantic web
ESWC'05 Proceedings of the Second European conference on The Semantic Web: research and Applications
Overview of the CLEF 2004 multilingual question answering track
CLEF'04 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Cross-Language Evaluation Forum: multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images
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CLEF'04 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Cross-Language Evaluation Forum: multilingual Information Access for Text, Speech and Images
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IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
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Combining relevancy and methodological quality into a single ranking for evidence-based medicine
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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This article provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of question answering technology. It presents the question answering task from an information retrieval perspective and emphasises the importance of retrieval models, i.e., representations of queries and information documents, and retrieval functions which are used for estimating the relevance between a query and an answer candidate. The survey suggests a general question answering architecture that steadily increases the complexity of the representation level of questions and information objects. On the one hand, natural language queries are reduced to keyword-based searches, on the other hand, knowledge bases are queried with structured or logical queries obtained from the natural language questions, and answers are obtained through reasoning. We discuss different levels of processing yielding bag-of-words-based and more complex representations integrating part-of-speech tags, classification of the expected answer type, semantic roles, discourse analysis, translation into a SQL-like language and logical representations.