A Comparative Analysis of Face Recognition Performance with Visible and Thermal Infrared Imagery
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 4 - Volume 4
PCA-Based Face Recognition in Infrared Imagery: Baseline and Comparative Studies
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Thermal Face Recognition Over Time
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
Automatic Feature Localization in Thermal Images for Facial Expression Recognition
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
Pose-Invariant Physiological Face Recognition in the Thermal Infrared Spectrum
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face recognition from a single image per person: A survey
Pattern Recognition
Fusion of Thermal and Visual Images for efficient Face Recognition using Gabor Filter
AICCSA '06 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications
Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF)
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Offline Signature Verification Using Local Interest Points and Descriptors
CIARP '08 Proceedings of the 13th Iberoamerican congress on Pattern Recognition: Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis and Applications
Thermal Faceprint: A New Thermal Face Signature Extraction for Infrared Face Recognition
CRV '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision
Infrared Facial Expression Recognition Using Wavelet Transform
ISCSCT '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology - Volume 02
Face Recognition with LWIR Imagery Using Local Binary Patterns
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Recognition of faces in unconstrained environments: a comparative study
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on recent advances in biometric systems: a signal processing perspective
Performance evaluation of score level fusion in multimodal biometric systems
Pattern Recognition
PSIVT'07 Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific Rim conference on Advances in image and video technology
Texture classification by modeling joint distributions of local patterns with Gaussian mixtures
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
WLD: A Robust Local Image Descriptor
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Comparative Study of Local Matching Approach for Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Face recognition in low resolution thermal images
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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The recognition of faces in unconstrained environments is a challenging problem. The aim of this work is to carry out a comparative study of face recognition methods working in the thermal spectrum (8-12@mm) that are suitable for working properly in these environments. The analyzed methods were selected by considering their performance in former comparative studies, in addition to being real-time, to requiring just one image per person, and to being fully online (no requirements of offline enrollment). Thus, in this study three local-matching methods based on histograms of Local Binary Pattern (LBP) features, on histograms of Weber Linear Descriptors (WLD), and on Gabor Jet Descriptors (GJD), as well as two global image-matching method based on Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) Descriptors, and Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) Descriptors, are analyzed. The methods are compared using the Equinox and UCHThermalFace databases. The use of these databases allows evaluating the methods in real-world conditions that include natural variations in illumination, indoor/outdoor setup, facial expression, pose, accessories, occlusions, and background. The UCHThermalFace database is described for the first time in this article and WLD is used for the first time in face recognition. The results of this comparative study are intended to be a guide for developers of face recognition systems. The main conclusions of this study are: (i) all analyzed methods perform very well under the conditions in which they were evaluated, except for the case of GJD that has low performance in outdoor setups; (ii) the best tradeoff between high recognition rate and fast processing speed is obtained by WLD-based methods, although the highest recognition rate in all cases is obtained by SIFT-based methods; and (iii) in experiments where the test images are acquired in an outdoor setup and the gallery images are acquired in an indoor setup, or vice versa, the performance of all evaluated methods is very low. As part of the future work, the use of normalization algorithms and calibration procedures in order to tackle this last issue will be analyzed.