Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
SVM binary classifier ensembles for image classification
Proceedings of the tenth international conference on Information and knowledge management
Training products of experts by minimizing contrastive divergence
Neural Computation
Object Recognition as Machine Translation: Learning a Lexicon for a Fixed Image Vocabulary
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part IV
Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data
ICML '01 Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Automatic image annotation and retrieval using cross-media relevance models
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures by a Statistical Modeling Approach
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Confidence-based dynamic ensemble for image annotation and semantics discovery
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
On image auto-annotation with latent space models
MULTIMEDIA '03 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM international conference on Multimedia
PLSA-based image auto-annotation: constraining the latent space
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Multi-level annotation of natural scenes using dominant image components and semantic concepts
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Effective automatic image annotation via a coherent language model and active learning
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Regularizing translation models for better automatic image annotation
Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Contextual Recognition of Hand-Drawn Diagrams with Conditional Random Fields
IWFHR '04 Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Semantics and feature discovery via confidence-based ensemble
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Learning the Semantics of Images by Using Unlabeled Samples
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Using One-Class and Two-Class SVMs for Multiclass Image Annotation
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Multiscale conditional random fields for image labeling
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Multiple Bernoulli relevance models for image and video annotation
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Bootstrapping SVM active learning by incorporating unlabelled images for image retrieval
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
CBSA: content-based soft annotation for multimodal image retrieval using Bayes point machines
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Exploiting spatial context constraints for automatic image region annotation
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Multimedia
Distance metric learning from uncertain side information with application to automated photo tagging
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Distance metric learning from uncertain side information for automated photo tagging
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
An energy-based model for region-labeling
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Mining partially annotated images
Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Effective automatic image annotation via integrated discriminative and generative models
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Automated content labeling using context in email
Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Management of Data
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Automatic image annotation (AIA) has been proved to be an effective and promising solution to automatically deduce the high-level semantics from low-level visual features. Due to the inherent ambiguity of image-label mapping and the scarcity of training examples, it has become a challenge to systematically develop robust annotation models with better performance. In this paper, we try to attack the problem based on 2D CRFs (Conditional Random Fields) and semi-supervised learning which are seamlessly integrated into a unified framework. 2D CRFs can effectively capture the spatial dependency between the neighboring labels, while the semi-supervised learning techniques can exploit the unlabeled data to improve the joint classification performance. We conducted experiments on a medium-sized image collection including about 500 images from Corel Stock Photo CDs. The experimental results demonstrated that the annotation performance of this method outperforms standard CRFs, showing the effectiveness of the proposed unified framework and the feasibility of unlabeled data to help the classification accuracy.