ET++—an object oriented application framework in C++
OOPSLA '88 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
Glyphs: flyweight objects for user interfaces
UIST '90 Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology
Unidraw: a framework for building domain-specific graphical editors
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
SUIT: the Pascal of user interface toolkits
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A unidraw-based user interface builder
UIST '91 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
An object-oriented 3D graphics toolkit
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Supporting distributed, concurrent, one-way constraints in user interface applications
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
Using the multi-layer model for building interactive graphical applications
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Jazz: an extensible zoomable user interface graphics toolkit in Java
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
An architecture for heterogeneous groupware applications
ICSE '01 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering
Toolkit Design for Interactive Structured Graphics
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
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Conventional windowing environments provide separate classes of objects for user interface components, or “widgets,” and graphical objects. Widgets negotiate layout and can be resized as rectangles, while graphics may be shared, transformed, transparent, and overlaid. This presents a major obstacle to applications like user interface builders and compound document editors where the manipulated objects need to behave both like graphics and widgets.Fresco[1] blends graphics and widgets into a single class of objects. We have an implementation of Fresco and an editor called Fdraw that allows graphical objects to be composed like widgets, and widgets to be transformed and shared like graphics. Performance measurements of Fdraw show that sharing reduces memory usage without slowing down redisplay.