The application of metaphor, analogy, and conceptual models in computer systems
Interacting with Computers
The elements of user interface design
The elements of user interface design
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Usability Engineering
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Computation for metaphors, analogy, and agents
A taxonomic analysis of user-interface metaphors in the Microsoft Office Project Gallery
AUIC '05 Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian conference on User interface - Volume 40
Influencing interaction: development of the design with intent method
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology
From real to metaphoric maps: Cartography as a visual language for organizing and sharing knowledge
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
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Although metaphor is a commonly used device in the design of user-interfaces, it is not rigorously understood, and most guidance stops at the recommendation of its use. In this paper we seek to provide a systematic taxonomy of user-interface metaphors, based on and extending the framework of Lakoff and Johnson. We then suggest that some usability heuristics emerge directly from analysis of the taxonomy. We conclude that the taxonomy and heuristics may provide appreciable benefits in user-interface design and evaluation, and address some of the criticisms of metaphor use that have been made.