On inferring autonomous system relationships in the internet
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
PlanetLab: an overlay testbed for broad-coverage services
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
SIGMETRICS '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
DIMES: let the internet measure itself
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
The internet AS-level topology: three data sources and one definitive metric
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Avoiding traceroute anomalies with Paris traceroute
Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
AS relationships: inference and validation
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
iPlane: an information plane for distributed services
OSDI '06 Proceedings of the 7th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Ten years in the evolution of the internet ecosystem
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Lord of the links: a framework for discovering missing links in the internet topology
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
iPlane Nano: path prediction for peer-to-peer applications
NSDI'09 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX symposium on Networked systems design and implementation
On dominant characteristics of residential broadband internet traffic
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
The flattening internet topology: natural evolution, unsightly barnacles or contrived collapse?
PAM'08 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Passive and active network measurement
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2010 conference
The Internet is flat: modeling the transition from a transit hierarchy to a peering mesh
Proceedings of the 6th International COnference
How many tiers?: pricing in the internet transit market
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2011 conference
Packet-level traffic measurements from the Sprint IP backbone
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
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The Internet is constantly changing, and its hierarchy was recently shown to become flatter. Recent studies of inter-domain traffic showed that large content providers drive this change by bypassing tier-1 networks and reaching closer to their users, enabling them to save transit costs and reduce reliance of transit networks as new services are being deployed, and traffic shaping is becoming increasingly popular. In this paper we take a first look at the evolving connectivity of large content provider networks, from a topological point of view of the autonomous systems (AS) graph. We perform a 5-year longitudinal study of the topological trends of large content providers, by analyzing several large content providers and comparing these trends to those observed for large tier-1 networks. We study trends in the connectivity of the networks, neighbor diversity and geographical spread, their hierarchy, the adoption of IXPs as a convenient method for peering, and their centrality. Our observations indicate that content providers gradually increase and diversify their connectivity, enabling them to improve their centrality in the Internet, while tier-1 networks lose dominance over time.