Recognizing Mathematical Expressions Using Tree Transformation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
GREC '01 Selected Papers from the Fourth International Workshop on Graphics Recognition Algorithms and Applications
Design of a mathematical expression recognition system
ICDAR '95 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 2) - Volume 2
A Technique of Mathematical Expression Structure Analysis for the Handwriting Input System
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Structure analysis and recognition of mathematical expressions
ICDAR '95 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 1) - Volume 1
Mathematical Formula Recognition Using Virtual Link Network
ICDAR '01 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Detection of Matrices and Segmentation of Matrix Elements in Scanned Images of Scientific Documents
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 1
Recognition of On-line Handwritten Mathematical Formulas in the E-Chalk System
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
INFTY: an integrated OCR system for mathematical documents
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Document engineering
Rule Based Expert Systems: The Mycin Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project (The Addison-Wesley series in artificial intelligence)
Structural Analysis Based on Baseline in Printed Mathematical Expressions
PDCAT '05 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Applications and Technologies
Research on Symbol Recognition for Mathematical Expressions
ICICIC '06 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control - Volume 3
Pattern Recognition Letters
Towards Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Recognition of online handwritten mathematical expressions
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
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Automated understanding of mathematical expressions (MEs) is currently a challenging task due to their complex two- dimensional (2D) structure. Recognition of MEs can be online or offline and in either case, the process involves symbol recognition and analysis of 2D structure. This process is more complex for offline or printed MEs as they do not have temporal information. In our present work, we focus on the recognition of printed MEs and assume connected components (ccs) of a given ME image are labelled. Our approach to ME recognition comprises three stages,namely symbol formation, structural analysis and generation of encoding form like LATEX. In this paper, we present symbol formation process, where multi-cc symbols (like =, ≡ etc.) are formed, identity of context-dependent symbols (like a horizontal line can be MINUS, OVERBAR, FRACTION etc.) are resolved using spatial relations. Multi-line MEs like matrices and enumerated functions are also handled in this stage. A rule-based approach is proposed for the purpose, where the heuristics based on spatial relations are represented in the form of rules (knowledge) and those rules are fired depending on input data (labelled ccs). As knowledge is isolated from data like an expert system in our approach, it allows for easy adaptability and extensibility of the process. Proposed approach also handles both single-line and multi-line MEs in an unified manner. Our approach has been tested on around 800 MEs collected from various mathematical documents and experimental results are reported on them.