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NIME '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on New interfaces for musical expression
A supervised classification algorithm for note onset detection
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Template-based estimation of time-varying tempo
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Accurate tempo estimation based on harmonic + noise decomposition
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Tempo induction algorithm in MP3 compressed domain
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Computers in Entertainment (CIE) - SPECIAL ISSUE: Media Arts (Part II)
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ICME'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Multimedia and Expo
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IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Music tempo estimation with k-NN regression
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
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Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
"Copy and scale" method for doing time-localized M.I.R. estimation:: application to beat-tracking
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Towards bi-directional dancing interaction
ICEC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Interacting with a virtual conductor
ICEC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Improved music similarity computation based on tone objects
Proceedings of the 7th Audio Mostly Conference: A Conference on Interaction with Sound
Perceptual tempo estimation using GMM-regression
Proceedings of the second international ACM workshop on Music information retrieval with user-centered and multimodal strategies
Automatic music transcription: challenges and future directions
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
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We report on the tempo induction contest organized during the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 2004) held at the University Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, Spain, in October 2004. The goal of this contest was to evaluate some state-of-the-art algorithms in the task of inducing the basic tempo (as a scalar, in beats per minute) from musical audio signals. To our knowledge, this is the first published large scale cross-validation of audio tempo induction algorithms. Participants were invited to submit algorithms to the contest organizer, in one of several allowed formats. No training data was provided. A total of 12 entries (representing the work of seven research teams) were evaluated, 11 of which are reported in this document. Results on the test set of 3199 instances were returned to the participants before they were made public. Anssi Klapuri's algorithm won the contest. This evaluation shows that tempo induction algorithms can reach over 80% accuracy for music with a constant tempo, if we do not insist on finding a specific metrical level. After the competition, the algorithms and results were analyzed in order to discover general lessons for the future development of tempo induction systems. One conclusion is that robust tempo induction entails the processing of frame features rather than that of onset lists. Further, we propose a new "redundant" approach to tempo induction, inspired by knowledge of human perceptual mechanisms, which combines multiple simpler methods using a voting mechanism. Machine emulation of human tempo induction is still an open issue. Many avenues for future work in audio tempo tracking are highlighted, as for instance the definition of the best rhythmic features and the most appropriate periodicity detection method. In order to stimulate further research, the contest results, annotations, evaluation software and part of the data are available at http://ismir2004.ismir.net/ISMIR_Contest.html