IWDW '09 Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Digital Watermarking
Watermark detection on quantized transform coefficients using product bernoulli distributions
Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security
A low complexity video watermarking in H.264 compressed domain
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Robust watermarking of H.264/SVC-encoded video: quality and resolution scalability
IWDW'10 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Digital watermarking
A novel watermarking scheme for H.264/AVC video authentication
Image Communication
An efficient robust watermarking method integrated in H.264/SVC
Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security VII
Reference index-based H.264 video watermarking scheme
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP) - Special Issue on Multimedia Security
Motion compensated compressed domain watermarking
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Multimedia
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Most video watermarking algorithms embed the watermark in I-frames, but refrain from embedding in P- and B-frames, which are highly compressed by motion compensation. However, P-frames appear more frequently in the compressed video and their watermarking capacity should be exploited, despite the fact that embedding the watermark in P-frames can increase the video bit rate significantly. This paper gives a detailed overview of a common approach for embedding the watermark in I-frames. This common approach is adopted to use P-frames for video watermarking. We show that by limiting the watermark to nonzero-quantized AC residuals in P-frames, the video bit-rate increase can be held to reasonable values. Since the nonzero-quantized AC residuals in P-frames correspond to nonflat areas that are in motion, temporal and texture masking are exploited at the same time. We also propose embedding the watermark in nonzero quantized AC residuals with spatial masking capacity in I-frames. Since the locations of the nonzero-quantized AC residuals is lost after decoding, we develop a watermark detection algorithm that does not depend on this knowledge. Our video watermark detection algorithm has controllable performance. We demonstrate the robustness of our proposed algorithm to several different attacks.