Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video
Signal Processing
Video Processing and Communications
Video Processing and Communications
Video Watermark Technique in Motion Vector
SIBGRAPI '01 Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing
Convex Optimization
A Hybrid Watermarking Scheme for H.264/AVC Video
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
Video waterscrambling: towards a video protection scheme based on the disturbance of motion vectors
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
A low complexity video watermarking in H.264 compressed domain
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Digital Video Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
A Framework for Robust Watermarking of H.264-Encoded Video With Controllable Detection Performance
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Watermarking of MPEG-4 video objects
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Digital watermarking of low bit-rate advanced simple profile MPEG-4 compressed video
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Oblivious Spatio-Temporal Watermarking of Digital Video by Exploiting the Human Visual System
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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Video watermarking has received much attention over the past years as a promising solution to copy protection. Watermark robustness is still a key issue of research, especially when a watermark is embedded in the compressed video domain. In this article, a robust watermarking scheme for H.264 video is proposed. During video encoding, the watermark is embedded in the index of the reference frame, referred to as reference index, a bitstream syntax element newly proposed in the H.264 standard. Furthermore, the video content (current coded blocks) is modified based on an optimization model, aiming at improving watermark robustness without unacceptably degrading the video's visual quality or increasing the video's bit rate. Compared with the existing schemes, our method has the following three advantages: (1) The bit rate of the watermarked video is adjustable; (2) the robustness against common video operations can be achieved; (3) the watermark embedding and extraction are simple. Extensive experiments have verified the good performance of the proposed watermarking scheme.