Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Optimizing CMOS technology for maximum performance
IBM Journal of Research and Development - Advanced silicon technology
Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large scale computing capabilities
AFIPS '67 (Spring) Proceedings of the April 18-20, 1967, spring joint computer conference
Three-dimensional silicon integration
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Communications of the ACM
ThermOS: system support for dynamic thermal management of chip multi-processors
PACT '13 Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Parallel architectures and compilation techniques
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While it has long been argued that near-threshold (~0.5V) operation of CMOS technologies can dramatically improve power efficiency, widespread application of such low voltage operation to VLSI systems has yet to materialize. This is due in part to practical system workload demands, in which single-thread performance needs can limit strategies to improve parallelizeable throughput performance, but also due to barriers in the ability of supporting hardware to counter variability and reliability concerns while maintaining power efficiency throughout the system. This paper describes the issues on which the realization of near-threshold computing depends to explain why this strategy is not yet pervasive today. However, recent advancements across the spectrum of system design--including heterogeneous architectures, transistor and memory technologies, power delivery, packaging, and I/O--suggest that as the market for throughput performance grows, hardware technologies may soon become available to practically harness the promise of near-threshold operation.