Amortized efficiency of list update and paging rules
Communications of the ACM
A Performance Analysis of Minimum Laxity and Earliest Deadline Scheduling in a Real-Time System
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Scheduling periodic and aperiodic tasks in hard real-time computing systems
SIGMETRICS '91 Proceedings of the 1991 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Tolerating failures of continuous-valued sensors
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Scheduling Algorithms for Multiprogramming in a Hard-Real-Time Environment
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
End-to-end arguments in system design
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Fault Tolerance in Safety Critical Automotive Applications: Cost of Agreement as a Limiting Factor
FTCS '95 Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing
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Real-time systems that have to respond to environmental state changes within a very short latency period often use event-triggered task activation. If the system has to function correctly in the presence of sensor faults, event-triggered task activation is not reliable. Faulty sensors may cause task activations to occur too early, too late, or task activations are omitted entirely. In particular, early task activations can overload the system. Time-triggered task activation is reliable, but by defining a competitiveness ratio it is shown that the processor utilization for highly responsive tasks is unacceptably low. To overcome the problems of event-triggered task activation while preserving its good performance the task-splitting model is introduced. The task-splitting model integrates fault tolerance into the analysis and construction of hard real-time systems by using a combination of event-triggered and time-triggered task activation. Based on a general task model, it is independent of any particular scheduling algorithm. The result of this work has influenced the design of a new operating system which will be applied in a robust automotive engine controller of the next generation.Index Terms驴Sensor timing faults, fault tolerance, hard real-time systems, event-triggered task activation, competitiveness of task activation.