On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel
WUWNet '06 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Underwater networks
Optimal placement of wireless nodes in underwater wireless sensor networks with shadow zones
WD'09 Proceedings of the 2nd IFIP conference on Wireless days
An underwater acoustic implementation of DFT-spread OFDM
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on advances in signal processing for maritime applications
E-PULRP: energy optimized path unaware layered routing protocol for underwater sensor networks
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
International Journal of Communication Systems
Cross-layer analysis of error control in underwater wireless sensor networks
Computer Communications
An overview of the internet of underwater things
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Marine communities based congestion control in underwater wireless sensor networks
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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Acoustic communication in Underwater Wireless Communication Networks (UWCNs) has several challenges due to the presence of fading, multipath and refractive properties of the sound channel which necessitate the development of precise underwater channel models. Some existing channel models are simplified and do not consider multipath or multipath fading. In this paper, a detailed survey on ray-theory-based multipath Rayleigh underwater channel models for underwater wireless communication is presented and the research challenges for an efficient communication in this environment are outlined. These channel models are valid for shallow or deep water. They are based on acoustic propagation physics which captures different propagation paths of sound in the underwater and consider all the effects of shadow zones, multipath fading, operating frequency, depth and water temperature. The propagation characteristics are shown through mathematical analysis. Transmission losses between transceivers are investigated through simulations. Further simulations are carried out to study the bit error rate effects and the maximum internode distances for different networks and depths considering a 16-QAM modulation scheme with OFDM as the multicarrier transmission technique. The effect of weather season and the variability of ocean environmental factors such as water temperature on the communication performance are also shown. The mathematical analysis and simulations highlight important considerations for the deployment and operation of UWCNs.