The effects of computer animation on adult learning and retrieval tasks
Journal of Computer Based Instruction
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Assessing dynamics in computer-based instruction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
External cognition: how do graphical representations work?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Evaluating animations as student aids in learning computer algorithms
Computers & Education
Turning pictures into numbers: extracting and generating information from complex visualizations
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Empirical evaluation of information visualizations
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Interactive graphical communication
Animation of Diagrams: An Aid to Learning?
Diagrams '00 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Theory and Application of Diagrams
Animated demonstrations for learning procedural computer-based tasks
Human-Computer Interaction
Analyzing animated representations of complex causal semantics
Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization
Mechanisms for human spatial competence
SC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Spatial Cognition V: reasoning, action, interaction
On line elaboration of a mental model during the understanding of an animation
Diagrams'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Diagrammatic Representation and Inference
Toward a comprehensive model of graph comprehension: making the case for spatial cognition
Diagrams'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Diagrammatic Representation and Inference
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We examined expert meteorologists as they created a weather forecast while working in a naturalistic environment. We examined the type of external representation they chose to examine (a static image, a sequence of static images, or a dynamic display) and the kind of information they extracted from those representations (static or dynamic). We found that even though weather is an extremely dynamic domain, expert meteorologists examined very few animations, examining primarily static images. However, meteorologists did extract large amounts of dynamic information from these static images, suggesting that they reasoned about the weather by mentally animating the static images rather than letting the software do it for them.