Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Workshop on UnderWater Networks
Impact of location errors on energy-efficient geographic routing in wireless sensor networks
APCC'09 Proceedings of the 15th Asia-Pacific conference on Communications
Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Workshop on UnderWater Networks
Energy-efficient geographic routing in the presence of localization errors
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Comparison of routing protocols for underwater sensor networks: a survey
International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems
Review: A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor networks
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Protocol design issues in underwater acoustic networks
Computer Communications
Proceedings of the Sixth ACM International Workshop on Underwater Networks
Jamming-resistant multi-path routing for reliable intruder detection in underwater networks
Proceedings of the Sixth ACM International Workshop on Underwater Networks
Wireless Underwater Communications
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
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Interest in underwater acoustic networks has grown rapidly with the desire to monitor the large portion of the world covered by oceans. Fundamental differences between underwater acoustic propagation and terrestrial radio propagation may call for new criteria for the design of networking protocols. In this paper, we focus on some of these fundamental differences, including attenuation and noise, propagation delays, and the dependence of usable bandwidth and transmit power on distance (which has not been extensively considered before in protocol design studies). Furthermore, the relationship between the energy consumptions of acoustic modems in various modes (i.e., transmit, receive, and idle) is different than that of their terrestrial radio counterparts, which also impacts the design of energy-efficient protocols. The main contribution of this work is an in-depth analysis of the impacts of these unique relationships. We present insights that are useful in guiding both protocol design and network deployment. We design a class of energy-efficient routing protocols for underwater sensor networks based on the insights gained in our analysis. These protocols are tested in a number of relevant network scenarios, and shown to significantly outperform other commonly used routing strategies and to provide near optimal total path energy consumption. Finally, we implement in ns2 a detailed model of the underwater acoustic channel, and study the performance of routing choices when used with a simple MAC protocol and a realistic PHY model, with special regard to such issues as interference and medium access.