Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Handbook of pattern recognition & computer vision
Digital Image Processing
A Development of Computer-Aided Diagnosis System using Fundus Images
VSMM '01 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM'01)
Identification of different stages of diabetic retinopathy using retinal optical images
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Automated Identification of Diabetic Retinopathy Stages Using Digital Fundus Images
Journal of Medical Systems
Application of Higher Order Spectra for the Identification of Diabetes Retinopathy Stages
Journal of Medical Systems
Wood Species Recognition Using GLCM and Correlation
ARTCOM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing
Computer-Assisted Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: A First Order Statistical Approach to Chest Radiograph
Journal of Medical Systems
Computer-aided diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy: A review
Computers in Biology and Medicine
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Diabetes is a condition of increase in the blood sugar level higher than the normal range. Prolonged diabetes damages the small blood vessels in the retina resulting in diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR progresses with time without any noticeable symptoms until the damage has occurred. Hence, it is very beneficial to have the regular cost effective eye screening for the diabetes subjects. This paper documents a system that can be used for automatic mass screenings of diabetic retinopathy. Four classes are identified: normal retina, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and macular edema (ME). We used 238 retinal fundus images in our analysis. Five different texture features such as homogeneity, correlation, short run emphasis, long run emphasis, and run percentage were extracted from the digital fundus images. These features were fed into a support vector machine classifier (SVM) for automatic classification. SVM classifier of different kernel functions (linear, radial basis function, polynomial of order 1, 2, and 3) was studied. Receiver operation characteristics (ROC) curves were plotted to select the best classifier. Our proposed system is able to identify the unknown class with an accuracy of 85.2%, and sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) of 98.9%, 89.5%, and 0.972 respectively using SVM classifier with polynomial kernel of order 3. We have also proposed a new integrated DR index (IDRI) using different features, which is able to identify the different classes with 100% accuracy.