Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks
Wireless Networks - Selected Papers from Mobicom'99
An architecture for building self-configurable systems
MobiHoc '00 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Enforcing service availability in mobile ad-hoc WANs
MobiHoc '00 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Rumor routing algorthim for sensor networks
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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ACM SIGMOD Record
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IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Ant Algorithms Solve Difficult Optimization Problems
ECAL '01 Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Advances in Artificial Life
IPDPS '02 Proceedings of the 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium
Data Gathering in SEnsor Networks using the Energy Delay Metric
IPDPS '01 Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks
HICSS '00 Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 8 - Volume 8
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
An Energy-Aware QoS Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
ICDCSW '03 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
SPEED: A Stateless Protocol for Real-Time Communication in Sensor Networks
ICDCS '03 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Energy-Aware Routing in Cluster-Based Sensor Networks
MASCOTS '02 Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems
Energy-aware data-centric routing in microsensor networks
MSWIM '03 Proceedings of the 6th ACM international workshop on Modeling analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
HEED: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology, Protocols, and Applications
Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology, Protocols, and Applications
Self-Organized Data-Gathering Scheme for Multi-Sink Sensor Networks Inspired by Swarm Intelligence
SASO '07 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems
Jumping ant routing algorithm for sensor networks
Computer Communications
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International Journal of Communication Systems
Multipath Routing Based on Ant Colony System in Wireless Sensor Networks
CSSE '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering - Volume 03
WIMOB '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Computing, Networking & Communication
Ant Colony Optimization-Based Location-Aware Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks
WASA '08 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications
Ant colony-based many-to-one sensory data routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
AICCSA '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications
Adaptive Clustering for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Ant Colony Optimization
CNSR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Seventh Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference
BeeSensor: A Bee-Inspired Power Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Proceedings of the 2007 EvoWorkshops 2007 on EvoCoMnet, EvoFIN, EvoIASP,EvoINTERACTION, EvoMUSART, EvoSTOC and EvoTransLog: Applications of Evolutionary Computing
AntNet: distributed stigmergetic control for communications networks
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
Ant Colony-Based Energy-Aware Multipath Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
KAM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Second International Symposium on Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling - Volume 03
An Ant Colony Clustering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
WGEC '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Third International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing
Pheromone based energy aware directed diffusion algorithm for wireless sensor network
ICIC'07 Proceedings of the intelligent computing 3rd international conference on Advanced intelligent computing theories and applications
A Comprehensive Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network Based on Ant Colony Algorithm
NSWCTC '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Second International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing - Volume 01
Ant-based routing for wireless multimedia sensor networks using multiple QoS metrics
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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Journal of Network and Computer Applications
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ANTS'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence
ACO based qos routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks
UIC'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing
Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey
IEEE Wireless Communications
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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Adaptive clustering for mobile wireless networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Performance of termite-hill routing algorithm on sink mobility in wireless sensor networks
ICSI'12 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advances in Swarm Intelligence - Volume Part II
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
International Journal of Sensor Networks
Review: A survey on intelligent routing protocols in wireless sensor networks
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
A robust topology control solution for the sink placement problem in WSNs
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
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High efficient routing is an important issue for the design of wireless sensor network (WSN) protocols to meet the severe hardware and resource constraints. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and comparison of routing protocols in WSNs. The first part of the paper surveys state-of-the-art routing protocols in WSNs from classical routing protocols to swarm intelligence based protocols. The routing protocols are categorized based on their computational complexity, network structure, energy efficiency and path establishment. The second part of the paper presents a comparison of a representative number of classical and swarm based protocols. Comparing routing protocols in WSNs is currently a very challenging task for protocol designers. Often, much time is required to re-create and re-simulate algorithms from descriptions in published papers to perform the comparison. Compounding the difficulty is that some simulation parameters and performance metrics may not be mentioned. We see a need in the research community to have standard simulation and performance metrics for comparing different protocols. To this end, the final part of the paper re-simulates different protocols using a Matlab based simulator: routing modeling application simulation environment (RMASE), and gives simulation results for standard simulation and performance metrics which we hope will serve as a benchmark for future comparisons for the research community.