Automatic and real-time 3D face synthesis
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry
Creative cartoon face synthesis system for mobile entertainment
PCM'05 Proceedings of the 6th Pacific-Rim conference on Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - Volume Part II
Three-dimensional cartoon facial animation based on art rules
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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We present a new system that applies an example-based learning method to learn facial motion patterns from a video sequence of individual facial behavior such as lip motion and facial expressions, and using that to create vivid three-dimensional (3-D) face animation according to the definition of MPEG-4 face animation parameters. The system consists of three key modules, face tracking, pattern learning, and face animation. In face tracking, to reduce the complexity of the tracking process, a novel coarse-to-fine strategy combined with a Kalman filter is proposed for localizing key facial landmarks in each image of the video. The landmarks' sequence is normalized into a visual feature matrix and then fed to the next step of process. In pattern learning, in the pretraining stage, the parameters of the camera that took the video are requested with the training video data so the system can estimate the basic mapping from a normalized two-dimensional (2-D) visual feature matrix to the representation in 3-D MPEG-4 face animation parameter space, in assistance with the computer vision method. In the practice stage, considering that in most cases camera parameters are not provided with video data, the system uses machine learning technology to complement the incomplete 3-D information for the mapping that information is needed in face orientation presentation. The example-based learning in this system integrates several methods including clustering, HMM, and ANN to make a better conversion from a 2-D to 3-D model and better estimation of incomplete 3-D information for good mapping; this will be used to drive face animation thereafter. In face animation, the system can synthesize face animation following any type of face motion in video. Experiments show that our system produces more vivid face motion animation, compared to other early systems.