Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Sharp thresholds For monotone properties in random geometric graphs
STOC '04 Proceedings of the thirty-sixth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Hardware design experiences in ZebraNet
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Towards optimal sleep scheduling in sensor networks for rare-event detection
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
X-MAC: a short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Ultra-low duty cycle MAC with scheduled channel polling
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section LCTES'05
Data forwarding in extremely low duty-cycle sensor networks with unreliable communication links
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Wireless sensor network survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Opportunistic flooding in low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks with unreliable links
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Lifetime and coverage guarantees through distributed coordinate-free sensor activation
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Communications of the ACM
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
An Energy-Efficient Markov Chain-Based Randomized Duty Cycling Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks
ICDCS '11 Proceedings of the 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
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To extend the lifetime of a wireless sensor network, sensor nodes usually duty cycle between dormant and active states. Duty cycling schemes are often evaluated in terms of connection delay, connection duration, and duty cycle. In this article, we show with experiments on Sun SPOT sensors that duty cycling time (energy) efficiency, that is, the ratio of time (energy) employed in ancillary operations when switching from and into deep sleep mode, is an important performance metric too. We propose a novel randomized duty cycling scheme based on Markov chains with the goal of (i) reducing the connection delay, while maintaining a given time (energy) efficiency, or (ii) keeping a constant connection delay, while increasing the time (energy) efficiency. Analytical and experimental results demonstrate that the Markov chain-based scheme can improve the performance in terms of connection delay without affecting the time efficiency, or vice versa, as opposed to the trade-off observed in traditional schemes. We extend the proposed duty cycling scheme to a partially randomized scheme, where wireless nodes can switch into active state beyond their schedules when their neighbors are active to anticipate message forwarding. The analytical and experimental results confirm the relationship between connection delay and time efficiency also for this scheme.