Using Spin Images for Efficient Object Recognition in Cluttered 3D Scenes
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
A 3D Facial Expression Database For Facial Behavior Research
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
3D Facial Expression Recognition Based on Primitive Surface Feature Distribution
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Dynamic Texture Recognition Using Local Binary Patterns with an Application to Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial Expression Recognition Based on 3D Dynamic Range Model Sequences
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part II
Bosphorus Database for 3D Face Analysis
Biometrics and Identity Management
Automatic facial expression recognition on a single 3D face by exploring shape deformation
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Anthropometric 3D Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
A Set of Selected SIFT Features for 3D Facial Expression Recognition
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Shape analysis of local facial patches for 3D facial expression recognition
Pattern Recognition
3D facial expression recognition using SIFT descriptors of automatically detected keypoints
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics - Special Issue on 3DOR 2010
Bilinear Models for 3-D Face and Facial Expression Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Facial expression recognition using 3D facial feature distances
ICIAR'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Automatic facial expression recognition in real-time from dynamic sequences of 3D face scans
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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In this paper, we address the problem of person-independent facial expression recognition in dynamic sequences of 3D face scans. To this end, an original approach is proposed that relies on automatically extracting a set of 3D facial points, and modeling their mutual distances along time. Training an Hidden Markov Model for every prototypical facial expression to be recognized, and combining them to form a multi-class classifier, an average recognition rate of 76.3% on the angry, happy and surprise expressions of the BU-4DFE database has been obtained. Comparison with competitor approaches on the same database shows that our solution is able to obtain effective results with the clear advantage of an implementation that fits to real-time constraints.