Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
DIVE A multi-user virtual reality system
VRAIS '93 Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium
The effects of group collaboration on presence in a collaborative virtual environment
EG VE'00 Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
Conceptual priming as a determinant of presence in virtual environments
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics, virtual Reality, visualisation and interaction in Africa
The effects of group collaboration on presence in a collaborative virtual environment
EG VE'00 Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
The relationship between individual characteristics and experienced presence
Computers in Human Behavior
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Witmer and Singer have developed a questionnaire for presence (PQ) as well as an immersive tendencies questionnaire (ITQ). Their research has shown that ITQ scores are positively correlated with PQ scores. This paper reports on an attempt to replicate these findings in a non-immersive, collaborative setting, by creating one virtual environment designed to engender a high sense of presence in users, and one designed to disrupt and decrease the sense of presence felt by users. The major findings of this attempt were firstly that while there was a difference in the two worlds according to the definition of presence, the PQ did not pick up this difference, and secondly that PQ scores were correlated with ITQ scores only in the so-called "high-presence" environment, implying that Witmer and Singer's results hold only under certain conditions.