QuickTime VR: an image-based approach to virtual environment navigation
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
MULTIMEDIA '00 Proceedings of the eighth ACM international conference on Multimedia
FlyAbout: spatially indexed panoramic video
MULTIMEDIA '01 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Multimedia
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 4 - Volume 04
Human Factors in Ergonomics & Manufacturing
Scene consistency and spatial presence increase the sensation of self-motion in virtual reality
APGV '05 Proceedings of the 2nd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization
ISMAR '05 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A social agent pedestrian model
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA'2008 Special Issue
Virtual Reality - Special Issue on Presence
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Photo-realistic techniques that use sequences of images captured from a real environment can be used to create virtual environments (VEs). Unlike 3D modelling techniques, the required human work and computation are independent of the amounts of detail and complexity that exist in the scene, and in addition they provide great visual realism. In this study we created virtual environments using three different photo-realistic techniques: panoramic video, regular video, and a slide show of panoramic still images. While panoramic video offered continuous movement and the ability to interactively change the view, it was the most expensive and time consuming to produce among the three techniques. To assess whether the extra effort needed to create panoramic video is warranted, we analysed how effectively each of these techniques supported a sense of presence in participants. We analysed participants' subjective sense of presence in the context of a navigation task where they travelled along a route in a VE and tried to learn the relative locations of the landmarks on the route. Participants' sense of presence was highest in the panoramic video condition. This suggests that the effort in creating panoramic video might be warranted whenever high presence is desired.