COSIT '97 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS
Elements of Good Route Directions in Familiar and Unfamiliar Environments
COSIT '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Spatial Information Theory: Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geographic Information Science
Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network
NAACL '03 Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1
Understanding spontaneous speech: the Phoenix system
ICASSP '91 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1991. ICASSP-91., 1991 International Conference
Following directions using statistical machine translation
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Toward understanding natural language directions
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Comparing spoken language route instructions for robots across environment representations
SIGDIAL '10 Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
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A robust system that understands route instructions should be able to process instructions generated naturally by humans. Also desirable would be the ability to handle repairs and other modifications to existing instructions. To this end, we collected a corpus of spoken instructions (and modified instructions) produced by subjects provided with an origin and a destination. We found that instructions could be classified into four categories, depending on their intent such as imperative, feedback, or meta comment. We asked a different set of subjects to follow these instructions to determine the usefulness and comprehensibility of individual instructions. Finally, we constructed a semantic grammar and evaluated its coverage. To determine whether instruction-giving forms a predictable sub-language, we tested the grammar on three corpora collected by others and determined that this was largely the case. Our work suggests that predictable sub-languages may exist for well-defined tasks.