Effects of spatial audio on memory, comprehension, and preference during desktop conferences
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3D Audio Augmented Reality: Implementation and Experiments
ISMAR '03 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Recording and Reproducing High Order Surround Auditory Scenes for Mixed and Augmented Reality
ISMAR '04 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
Spatial sound localization in an augmented reality environment
OZCHI '06 Proceedings of the 18th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Design: Activities, Artefacts and Environments
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
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Virtual humans are often presented as mixed reality characters projected onto screens that are blended into a physical setting. Stereo loudspeakers to the left and right of the screen are typically used for virtual human audio. Unfortunately, stereo loudspeakers can produce an effect known as precedence, which causes users standing close to a particular loudspeaker to perceive a collapse of the stereo sound to that singular loudspeaker. We studied if this effect might degrade the presentation of a virtual character, or if this would be prevented by the ventriloquism effect. Our results demonstrate that from viewing distances common to virtual human scenarios, a movement equivalent to a single stride can induce a stereo collapse, creating conflicting perceived locations of the virtual human's voice. Users also expressed a preference for a sound source collocated with the virtual human's mouth rather than a stereo pair. These results provide several design implications for virtual human display systems.