Expected classification error of the Fisher linear classifier with pseudo-inverse covariance matrix
Pattern Recognition Letters
Performative facial expressions in animated faces
Embodied conversational agents
Emotion and sociable humanoid robots
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Application of affective computing in humanComputer interaction
Cross-Cultural Evaluations of Avatar Facial Expressions Designed by Western Designers
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Interpretation of emotional body language displayed by robots
Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Affective interaction in natural environments
The illusion of robotic life: principles and practices of animation for robots
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
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Communication between humans and robots is a very critical step for the integration of social robots into society. Emotion expression through a robotic face is one of the key points of communication. Despite the most recent efforts, no matter how much expression capabilities improve, facial expression recognition is often hampered by a cultural divide between subjects that participate in surveys. The purpose of this work is to take advantage of the 24 degrees of freedom head of the humanoid social robot KOBIAN-R for making it capable of displaying different versions of the same expressions, using face and neck, in a way that they are easy to understand for Japanese and for Western subjects. We present a system based on relevant studies of human communication and facial anatomy, as well as on the work of illustrators and cartoonists. The expression generator we developed can be adapted to specific cultures. Results confirmed the in-group advantage, showing that the recognition rate of this system is higher when the nationality of the subjects and the cultural characterisation of the shown expressions are coincident. We conclude that this system could be used, in future, on robots that have to interact in a social environment, with people with different cultural background.