The variational approach to shape from shading
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing
A Method for Enforcing Integrability in Shape from Shading Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Computer-assisted generation of bas- and high-reliefs
Journal of Graphics Tools
A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
New Constraints on Data-Closeness and Needle Map Consistency for Shape-from-Shading
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The Quotient Image: Class-Based Re-Rendering and Recognition with Varying Illuminations
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
From Few to Many: Illumination Cone Models for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting and Pose
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Feedforward Neural Network Methodology
Feedforward Neural Network Methodology
Gradient domain high dynamic range compression
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Color Images
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
Shape from Shading: A Well-Posed Problem?
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 2 - Volume 02
Automatic Generation of Bas-reliefs from 3D Shapes
SMI '07 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications 2007
Digital bas-relief from 3D scenes
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Interactive normal reconstruction from a single image
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers
Bas-Relief Generation Using Adaptive Histogram Equalization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Structure-Preserving Regularisation Constraints for Shape-from-Shading
CAIP '09 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 papers
3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image Using a Single Reference Face Shape
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Restoration of Brick and Stone Relief from Single Rubbing Images
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
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Bas-reliefs are a form of flattened artwork, part-way between 3D sculpture and 2D painting. Recent research has considered automatic bas-relief generation from 3D scenes. However, little work has addressed the generation of bas-reliefs from 2D images. In this paper, we propose a method to automatically generate bas-relief surfaces from frontal photographs of human faces, with potential applications to e.g. coinage and commemorative medals. Our method has two steps. Starting from a photograph of a human face, we first generate a plausible image of a bas-relief of the same face. Secondly, we apply shape-from-shading to this generated bas-relief image to determine the 3D shape of the final bas-relief. To model the mapping from an input photograph to the image of a corresponding bas-relief, we use a feedforward network. The training data comprises images generated from an input 3D model of a face, and images generated from a corresponding bas-relief; the latter is produced by an existing 3D model-to-bas-relief algorithm. A saliency map of the face controls both model building, and bas-relief generation. Our experimental results demonstrate that the generated bas-relief surfaces are smooth and plausible, with correct global geometric nature, the latter giving them a stable appearance under changes of viewing direction and illumination.