Detection of LSB Steganography via Sample Pair Analysis
IH '02 Revised Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding
LSB steganalysis based on high-order statistics
MM&Sec '05 Proceedings of the 7th workshop on Multimedia and security
Reliable detection of LSB steganography in color and grayscale images
MM&Sec '01 Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Multimedia and security: new challenges
Proceedings of the 11th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security
Steganography in Digital Media: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications
Steganography in Digital Media: Principles, Algorithms, and Applications
A fusion of maximum likelihood and structural steganalysis
IH'07 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Information hiding
Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Advanced Statistical Steganalysis
Advanced Statistical Steganalysis
"Break our steganographic system": the ins and outs of organizing BOSS
IH'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Information hiding
A new methodology in steganalysis: breaking highly undetectable steganograpy (HUGO)
IH'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Information hiding
Steganalysis of content-adaptive steganography in spatial domain
IH'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Information hiding
Statistical decision methods in hidden information detection
IH'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Information hiding
A cover image model for reliable steganalysis
IH'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Information hiding
An improved sample pairs method for detection of LSB embedding
IH'04 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information Hiding
A general framework for structural steganalysis of LSB replacement
IH'05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information Hiding
Steganalysis of Embedding in Two Least-Significant Bits
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Adaptive Steganalysis of Least Significant Bit Replacement in Grayscale Natural Images
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
LSB replacement steganography software detection based on model checking
IWDW'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Digital Forensics and Watermaking
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Detection of LSB replacement in digital images has received quite a bit of attention in the past ten years. In particular, structural detectors together with variants of Weighted Stego-image (WS) analysis have materialized as the most accurate. In this paper, we show that further surprisingly significant improvement is possible with machine---learning based detectors utilizing co-occurrences of neighboring noise residuals as features. Such features can leverage dependencies among adjacent residual samples in contrast to the WS detector, which implicitly assumes that the residuals are mutually independent. Further improvement is achieved by adapting the features for detection of LSB replacement by making them aware of pixel parity. To this end, we introduce two key novel concepts --- calibration by parity and parity-aware residuals. It is shown that, at least for a known cover source when a binary classifier can be built, its accuracy is markedly better in comparison with the best structural and WS detectors in both uncompressed images and in decompressed JPEGs. This improvement is especially significant for very small change rates. A simple feature selection algorithm is used to obtain interesting insight that reveals potentially novel directions in structural steganalysis.