Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The complexity of robot motion planning
The complexity of robot motion planning
Interactive navigation of multiple agents in crowded environments
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Way portals: efficient multi-agent navigation with line-segment goals
I3D '12 Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games
The Hybrid Reciprocal Velocity Obstacle
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
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We present the goal velocity obstacle for the spatial navigation of multiple virtual agents to planar goal regions in the two-dimensional workspace. Our approach uses velocity obstacles not only to compute collision-avoiding velocities with respect to other agents, but also to specify velocities that will direct an agent toward its spatial goal region. We demonstrate shorter path lengths and fewer collisions with only microseconds of additional computation per agent per time step than velocity-based methods that optimize on a single, preferred velocity toward the goal of each agent.