A fast algorithm for computing multiplicative inverses in GF(2m) using normal bases
Information and Computation
Designs, Codes and Cryptography
WG: A family of stream ciphers with designed randomness properties
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Mixed bases for efficient inversion in F((22)2)2 and conversion matrices of SubBytes of AES
CHES'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Cryptographic hardware and embedded systems
CHES'05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Cryptographic hardware and embedded systems
Communication System Security
Gone in 360 seconds: Hijacking with Hitag2
Security'12 Proceedings of the 21st USENIX conference on Security symposium
Design space exploration of the lightweight stream cipher WG-8 for FPGAs and ASICs
Proceedings of the Workshop on Embedded Systems Security
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The Welch-Gong (WG) stream cipher family was designed based on the WG transformation and is able to generate keystreams with mathematically proven randomness properties such as long period, balance, ideal tuple distribution, ideal two-level autocorrelation and high and exact linear complexity. In this paper, we present a compact hardware architecture and its pipelined implementation of the stream cipher WG-16, an efficient instance of the WG stream cipher family, using composite field arithmetic and a newly proposed property of the trace function in tower field representation. Instead of using the original binary field F2^16, we demonstrate that its isomorphic tower field F(((2^2)^2)^2)^2 can lead to a more efficient hardware implementation. Efficient conversion matrices connecting the binary field F2^16 and the tower field F(((2^2)^2)^2)^2 are also derived. Our implementation results show that the pipelined WG-16 hardware core can achieve the throughput of 124 MHz at the cost of 478 slices in an FPGA and 552 MHz at the cost of 12,031 GEs in a 65 nm ASIC, respectively.